GEC 2: Readings in The Philippine History

for Prelims

Traditional Understanding in History

Study of the past

Modern Understanding in History

Came from Greek word “Historia” that means “Knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation”

Sources are oral traditions in forms of epics, songs, artifacts, architecture, memory etc.​

History

Zeus Salazar

“Ang kasaysayan ay SALAYSAY na may SAYSAY sa SINASALAYSAYANG SALINGLAHI.”​

analyzed through fossils and artifacts by Archaeologists and Anthropologists.​

Pre-History

Period where the events were not written.

Pre-History

History.

It has written records and recorded after Pre-History. ps. if the option was repeated, click the one that has period (.)

Historiography

also known as Writing of History.

Historiography is done through:

Historical Research with the aid of Historical Methodology.

The following are the importance of history. Which one is not?

To illegitimatize a regime and forge a sense of collective identity through collective memory​

Historical Timeframe of the Philippines

9000 or 7000 BCE to 21st Century

Primary Sources

Firsthand testimony

In historical research, external criticism refers to:

Verifying the authenticity of a document or artifact

In historical research, internal criticism focuses on:

Determining the truthfulness of a document’s content

Which of the following belongs to unwritten sources?

Artifacts and relics

Who is responsible for selecting, organizing, and giving meaning to past events to show their continuing relevance? PS. They do the writing of history —not just digging up the past.

Historians

The closer a primary source is to the date of the event, the ______ it is.

More reliable

Which of these is a secondary source?

A book analyzing the causes of the Philippine Revolution

an art where it exaggerates a human feature, expressing and poking opinions regarding a certain event or political stance.

political cartoon or caricature

Who said that the secondary source means testimony of someone who is NOT a witness?

Gottschalk

How many article does 1987 Philippine Constitution have?

18

Antonio Pigafetta

In the first voyage of the world, who was the author?

What was the original Spice Island?

Indonesia

Spanish name of Ferdinand Magellan

Fernando de Magallanes

Great Sea Expidition

What was the proposal plan made by Ferdinand Magellan?

A fleet of how many ships travelled with Maggelan?

Five: Galleon Ship Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Victoria

251 men

How many men travelled in the First Voyage?

Who was the King that approved Magellan’s proposal of travelling the Far East?

King Charles of Spain

Who commands the Trinidad Ship?

Ferdinand Magellan

marks the start of the first circumnavigation of the globe

September 1519

Santiago and Trinidad

Loyal ships to Magellan.

At St. Julian Port, a ship was wrecked.

Santiago

The ocean named for its peaceful characteristics.

Mar Pacifico or now called as Pacific Ocean

Cebu

A place where Christianity was firsthand introduced in the Philippines. This is also where Magellan landed.

Magellan Cross

March 17, 1521, the sign of Magellan’s triumph.

Battle of Mactan

April 27, 1521

Death of Magellan

April 27, 1521

Magellan was killed by a poison on his..

right leg

This ship returned in Spain around September 1522 with spices.

Victoria

The root of Christianity in the Philippines.

Ferdinand Magellan

15th century or 1500s-16th century or 1600s

This century was the restoration of the East. Making it vulnerable for countries in the East to widen their land.

Treaty of Tordisellas

Division of Spain and Portugal. To divide and to conquer.

Treaty of Alcacovas

agreement on June 7, 1479 where boundaries are established between Spain and Portugal.

Magellan was appointed an admiral of the Spanish fleet and given command of the expedition—the five-ship wherein he is the Commander of the Order of Santiago, one of the highest military ranks of the Spanish Empire.​

Armada of Molucca.

Medieval Period

The rise of Islam in the 7th century AD spurred significant advancements in cartography. Arab scholars produced detailed maps based on astronomical observations and extensive travel accounts.​

Age of Exploration

During this age, Capitalism is developed.

Christopher Columbus’ Voyage

His purpose was to find a new route to Asia but instead “discovered” America.

November 28, 1520

The fleet emerged from the Strait of Magellan into the vast Pacific Ocean, an expanse so large that Magellan named it "pacific" (peaceful) due to its relatively calm waters compared to the strait.​

Antonio Pigafetta

An Italian explorer and chronicler who joined Ferdinand Magellan’s navigation voyage. He is best known for his detailed account of the journey, offering valuable insights into the expedition, encounters with indigenous peoples, and the crew’s hardships. His writings are a key source on Magellan’s expedition and early 16th-century exploration.

Francisco Alba

Magellan’s pilot and navigator, responsible for charting the course of the expedition and creating maps of the newly discovered lands.​

Juan Sebastian Elcano

Basque navigator who took command of the expedition after Magellan’s death completed the circumnavigation of the globe​

NOMADS

people who moves based on the resources available in a certain area.

Kingdoms of the Philippines

Luzon - Datu, Visayas - Raja Humaban, Mindanao - Sultan Kudarat

cousins - niblings, aunties/uncles - piblings

If kapatid is siblings, what about cousins and aunties/uncles?

Land Bridge Theory

During the Pleistocene Ice Age, it was once believed that land bridges connected the Philippines to mainland Asia, enabling plant and animal migration. However, this theory was discredited by Dr. Fritjof Voss, who showed the Philippines’ crust is not connected to Asia’s. Alternative theories propose that the Philippines emerged from the sea due to volcanic activity and fault movements.

Migration

Ancestors migrate/moves because of resources. e.g. nomads.

Red means upper rank (chief), Black and Blue means lower rank.

In terms of clothing, ancient Filipinos already have undergarments: wherein men have putong (handky serves as crown) which

Gold was common during ancient times of Filipinos.

True. Back then, it wasn’t worn as an accessory, rather part of the clothing.

Ifugao and Kalinga

More tattoos, more respect as having it means you killed and protected your people in tribal war.

Houses (Bahay Kubo)

It serves as protection for wild animals which is often made of wood, bamboo, and nipa palm which is suitable for tropical climates like Philippines.

In terms of social classes, those who are referred as Gat and Lakan are:

the chiefs, nobleman.

Freemen

Mahadlika, now called Maharlika in Tagalog, meaning earned freedom.

Dependents (slaves) and Oripun in Visayas.

Those who depends on their nobleman.

Which of the following was a type of Alipin who lived with their master and worked directly for them?

Aliping Saguiguilid

The Aliping Namamahay were allowed to have their own ______ while still serving their master.

family and house or land, as they only serve during harvest season

If Alipin in Tagalog, what about Bisaya?

Oripun

These were the part-time laborers among the Oripun who served their masters only for a set number of days.Considered the highest-ranking Oripun (closest to freedom)

Tumarampuk

Tumataban

These were Oripun who had a more continuous obligation to their master, often working on the master's land or household, though they still retained some rights and the ability to own property. Worked more often than Tumarampuk.

Ayuey

The most subordinate dependents and have a very limited freedom.

Position of Women in Society: can inherit property, engage in trade industry, succeeds in chieftain and enjoys unique position.

True

Sign of respect in Women: Men should walk in front of women only.

False

“friend” only.

The legitimate wife is “asawa” while the other woman is a

Man belonging to one class must be married to someone who has the same class as him.

True

Which of the following refers to the gift/bribe given to the bride’s relatives to ask for their consent?

Sambon

What was the panghihimuyat?

Payment for the sleepless nights the parents spent raising the bride

The bigay-suso was given to the bride’s ______ as compensation for breastfeeding and nursing her.

mother or wet nurse as bigay-suso literally means “gift for breastfeeding,” and it was offered as a sign of respect and gratitude to the woman who fed the bride as a baby.

Pamuulungan or Pamamalae

To formally negotiate marriage terms between two families

Bigay-kaya

main bride price, a gift of land, gold, or property from the groom’s family to the bride’s family as proof of genuine intention to marry.

Barangay is derived from Malay “balangay” which means

boat

Barangay consists of 30-100 families, ruled by chieftain and pay buwis (tax) as

crops

Sanduguan

also known as Blood Compact. A treaty of friendship and alliance. Shown by mixing blood from the participants into a cup of wine and drinking the mixture, symbolizing a sacred, unbreakable bond of "one blood".

Vengeance

the act of cutting a throat

Code of Kalantiyaw

was a supposed legal code in the epic history Maragtas of Panay, allegedly written in 1433 by Datu Kalantiaw

Sharia (Islamic law) prescribes cutting off a finger for theft.

False. It is an amputation of hand, not finger.

Bathala

superior and creator of Earth and man

Idyanale

god of agriculture

Sidapa

god of death

Balangaw

god of rainbow

Mandangan

god of war and mulawins

Agni

fire god

Magwayen

goddess of other world

Tinyente del barrio

Barangay head