Studied by 13 people
Feudal Structure
Kept order in society (land=power)
1st Estate
Clergy - manage Church and pray
2nd Estate
Nobility (greater & lesser) - protect in war and keep order (royal blood)
3rd Estate
Common Folk - peasants/serfs who do the work (NO royal blood - everyone else)
Black Death/Plague
30% of Europe dies which broke down the strict social structure
Great Schism
Problem of the 3 Popes which led to the decline in the prestige of the Church
100 Years War
Great Britain vs. France (increased nationalism as monarchs started to take power from nobility)
The Italian Renaissance
Rise of wealthy and the lack of a centralized authority in Italy led to a revival of Classical texts
Characteristics of Humanism
Admiration of Ancient Greeks/Romans
Secular AND religious
Encouraged individual uniqueness (liberal arts education key to reaching full potential)
Civic Humanism
Participation in public affairs was essential for human development (ex. Bruni)
The Medici Family
Ruling family of Florence during its "golden age" and "started" the Renaissance
Thomas Petrarch
Called the "Father of Humanism" and helped popularize an age of individualism, learning, and the classics
Castiglione
Wrote the Book of the Courtier, a manual written for nobility on how to be a "well rounded man"
Pico della Mirandola
Believed humans had a spark of divinity and unlimited potential
Leon Battista Alberti
Believed in the idea of the "Universal Man" and that he was the best one
Leonardo Bruni
Father of Civic Humanism (strongly believed in civic duty)
Christine de Pizan and Cassandra Fedele
First feminists who advocated women's intellectual capabilities and challenged male dominated society
Machiavelli
Wrote "The Prince" (a manual for royals on how to obtain and maintain power) and would rather be feared than loved
Leonardo da Vinci
"The True Renaissance Man" (artist, sculptor, scientist, inventor) who painted Mona Lisa, the Last Supper, and the Vitruvian Man
Michelangelo
An Italian Renaissance artist/sculptor who created the statue of David (depicts biblical story of David/Goliath) and painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (celebration of man)
Raphael
An Italian Renaissance artist who painted School of Athens (portrayed all aspects of Humanism)
Johannes Gutenberg
Inventor of the printing press
Characteristics of New Monarchs
Create a centralized government
Building strong armies
Religious unity
New Monarchs
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile (Spain), Charles V (Holy Roman Empire), Louis XI (France)
Hapsburgs
Royal family of the Holy Roman Empire and later Austria
Motives for Exploration
Gold, Glory, God
2 Countries that led Exploration
Portugal & Spain (because they had internal stability, a centralized government, and nationalism)
Compass, astrolabe, sextant, better maps
New technologies that enabled exploration and establishment of empire
Treaty of Tordesillas
1494 - Portugal & Spain divided up the New World into spheres of influence (Portugal got Brazil and India, Spain got Latin America)
Jesuits
AKA the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola aimed at spreading Catholicism (fairly successful in Eastern Asian countries)
Encomienda System
Allowed the forced labor of Natives in the New World on plantations
Middle Passage
A ship packed with slaves' voyage from Africa to the Americas (terrible conditions, many died on the ship)
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World (Europe) and the New World (the Americas)
Bank of Amsterdam
First central bank
Commercialization of Agriculture
Use of scientific farming and the Putting-Out System which made farming more efficient and increased migration to cities and population
Price Revolution
Rise in prices because of the influx of gold and silver (led to inflation, food shortages, and a decrease of population)
Mercantilism
An economic system where a nation's power depends on its wealth (state controlled economy & export raw materials from colonies)
Johann Tetzel
Sold indulgences which upset Luther
Martin Luther
Disagreed with Catholic Church/Pope and split the church (but still a branch of Christianity) by posting 95 Theses addressing his concerns (his followers became Protestants/Lutherans)
Problems with the 16th Century Catholic Church
Selling of indulgences, pluralism, nepotism, absenteeism, simony, corruption, etc.
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor who couldn't focus on the "Luther Problem", which made it easy for Luther to split the church
Diet of Worms (1521)
Luther called before Charles V to recant, which he does not, leading Charles V to issue the Edict of Worms
Edict of Worms (1521)
Charles V's response to Luther not listening to him (declared Luther an outlaw within the HRE)
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Division of Church is finally recognized - Charles V says it's ok to be Lutheran but only if the prince of your state is
Catholicism
Authority of religion is Pope, 7 sacraments, salvation through faith and good works, transubstantiation
Protestantism/Lutheranism
Authority of religion is God, 2 sacraments, salvation through faith alone, consubstantiation
Calvinism
Branch of Protestantism formed by John Calvin who believed in Predestination and "no fun"
Predestination
Calvinist belief that God determines if you go to heaven or hell when you are born
Puritan
A English Calvinist
Presbyterian
A Scottish Calvinist
Huguenot
A French Calvinist
Anabaptist
Branch of Protestantism with the same basic teachings, just a lot more radical (condemned by Luther)
Anglican
The official religion of England with no Pope and the King/Queen as head of Church instead
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Catholic response to Luther - reaffirmed doctrines & reformed practices (stopped sale of indulgences)
Tudors
English royal family during Reformation until replaced by the Stuart family
Act of Supremacy (1534)
King Henry VIII of England names himself the official Head of Church
Act of Treason (1534)
King Henry VIII of England makes it punishable by death to deny the King as the Head of Church
Spanish Armada (1588)
King Philip II of Spain sent ships to the coast of England to fight Queen Elizabeth I when she refused to marry him but failed
Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1555)
1st War of Religion: Catholics vs. Protestants in the HRE which led to the Peace of Augsburg
Revolt of the Netherlands (1566-1648)
2nd War of Religion: Protestants (Calvinists) vs. Philip II (Spain) and Catholics - led to Catholic south Netherlands and Protestant in north
French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)
3rd War of Religion: Caused by the persecution of Huguenots and uncertainty in the French Monarchy and after the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and the War of the 3 Henry's, ends with Henry IV as the new King of France
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)
Mass slaying of Huguenots in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day.
War of the 3 Henry's (1580's)
Henry of Navarre (Huguenot) vs. Henry of Guise (Ultra-Catholic) vs. King Henry III (Catholic) - Henry of Navarre wins and becomes the new King of France (Henry IV) and becomes Catholic but passes Edict of Nantes
Edict of Nantes (1598)
Recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France, but gave Huguenots the right to worship in select places
30 Years War (1618-1648)
4th War of Religion: The final battle between Catholics and Protestants involving 4 phases: the Bohemian War (HRE victory), the Danish War (HRE victory), the Swedish War (HRE victory), and the Franco-Swedish War (Protestant victory and the end of the HRE) and ended with the Peace of Westphalia
Edict of Restitution (1629)
Forced Protestants to return to the Catholic Church all property seized since 1552
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Ended the 30 Years War and officially ended the Holy Roman Empire (allowed religious toleration and official separation of religion and politics)
English Civil War (1642-1649)
5th War of Religion: Neither James I or Charles I (both Stuart) enforce Catholicism and ignore Parliament (which Parliament doesn't like) - Cromwell captures English crown and establishes a Commonwealth until he died, which led to the restoration of the Stuart Monarchy with Charles II
Declaration of Indulgence (1672)
Charles II passed this law saying any religion (non-Anglican) can hold a job in England (Parliament does not like)
Test Act (1673)
Parliament's response to Charles II's Declaration of Indulgence saying that only Anglicans can hold office
Glorious Revolution (1688)
England is fed up with James II so William of Orange & Mary raise an army to take the throne, but James II flees before any bloodshed is spilled - William of Orange is now King of England
English Bill of Rights (1689)
King must have Parliament consent to: make laws, levy taxes, and raise an army
New individual rights: religious toleration, right to bear arms, no cruel punishment (laid foundation for constitutional monarchy)
Scientific Revolution
A new age believing through reason and not whatever the church says
Geocentric Model
Earth is motionless at the center of the universe and everything else is moved by God (believed by Aristotle and Ptolemy)
Heliocentric Model
The sun is at the center and Earth moves around it based on daily rotations on an axis - closer to the truth, but not all the way there (believed by Copernicus)
Nicolaus Copernicus
Proposed the heliocentric model which, at first, made everybody (including religious figures and ordinary people) really mad (because they all believed in the geocentric model) but eventually caused the scientific community to encourage more research/debate
Scientific Method
A new, logical method using ideas from Bacon, Descartes, Galileo, and Newton on how to reasonably solve a problem
Francis Bacon
Key idea: Empiricism (Induction) - given a specific hypothesis or observation, one combines observation to reach a general conclusion
Rene Descartes
Key idea: Rationalism (Deduction) - given a general conclusion or principle, one determines specific consequences or applications (everything can be explained by MATH)
Cartesian Dualism
Descartes' idea that God created 2 separate spheres:
-Mind = emotion
-Matter = measurable reality/math
Deism
A religion with the common belief that God created the universe and all its laws then was "hands off" (popular with lots of scientists and philisophes)
Tycho Brahe
Spent 20 years observing and recording positions and movements of stars and planets and discovered a comet moving through the sky
Johannes Kepler
Discovered 3 Laws of Planetary Motion:
Orbits of planets were elliptical NOT circular
Closer planets are to the sun, the faster they move and planets move slower as distance from sun increases (disproves Aristotle/Copernicus idea of steady motion)
Planets with larger orbits revolve at a slower average velocity than those with smaller orbits
Galileo Galilei
Used math to explain motion - church hated him and accused him of heresy for constantly disproving them
Sir Isaac Newton
Invented calculus to explain changes in motion (gravity) and the 3 Laws of Motion - the world is seen in mechanical terms that can be explained by humans (math)
Galen
Had 3 main ideas that were all DISPROVED by a different scientist:
2 blood systems (muscle & digestive activity)
Great blood vessels originate in LIVER
Imbalance of 4 humors caused diseases
Paracelsus
Disproved Galen's 3rd idea (humor imbalance causes disease): Chemistry - recognized for diagnosis & treatment of diseases
