Module 2 Bisc 110

Ole Miss

what are the elements of a scientific study?

1. observations

2. asking questions

3. forming hypothesis

4. making predictions

what is a sample size?

the number of subjects in a treatment group or control group

what is an independent variable?

a variable that an investigator manipulates to determine whether it influences the dependent variable

what is a dependent variable?

a variable that an investigator measures to determine whether it is affected by the independent variable

what is a standardized variable?

any variable that an investigator intentionally holds constant for all subjects in an experiment, including the control group

what is a control?

basis for comparison to treatment groups, control subjects may remain untreated or receive a placebo

what is the main limitation of science?

science is limited to the study of the natural world

what are the characteristics of life?

1. organized

2. requires energy

3. maintains internal stability (homeostasis)

4. reproduces, grows, and develops

5. evolves

how are living things organized?

1. biosphere

2. ecosystem

3. community

4. population

5. organism

6. organ system

7. organ

8. tissue

9. cell

10. organelles

11. molecules

12. atoms

what is the function of the circulatory system in how we breathe?

the circulatory system transports carbon dioxide and oxygen via the bloodstream, delivering oxygen to tissues and removing waste

what is the upper respiratory tract?

includes the nasal cavities, mouth, throat (pharynx), and voice box (larynx)

what is the lower respiratory tract?

the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli

what is the function of the upper respiratory tract?

it warms incoming air and traps debris

where does external respiration occur?

O2 diffuses from alveoli into the blood

where does internal respiration occur?

happens between the blood and organs of the body (at the capillary beds)

what happens during inhalation?

rib muscles and diaphragm contract to expand the chest, lowering lung pressure and drawing air in

what happens during exhalation?

muscles relax, space decreases, and lung pressure rises expelling air

what is asthma?

it involves bronchial inflammation and spasms, causing wheezing and shortness of breath; managed with medication and avoidance of triggers

what is COPD?

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; obstructs airflow and damanges alveoli and inflames bronchioles

what is the harm in smoking tobacco?

it harms lung tissues, disrupts cilia function, and significantly raises the risk of coronary heart disease

what is the closed circulatory system?

integrates the heart, blood vessels, and blood to connect and transport materials throughout the body

what are the components of blood?

the fluid in the circulatory system; made up of plasma and cells

1. white blood cells fight infections

2. red blood cells transport o2 from your lungs to the ret of your body

3. platelets help prevent and stop bleeding by forming blood clots

what is anemia?

a condition where you don’t have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body’s tissues

what are the 4 chambers in the heart?

right and left atria, right and left ventricles

what do ventricles do in the heart?

pump blood into the arteries

what is the function of the atria in the heart?

they receive blood from the veins

what is the pulmonary circuit?

the right side of the heart receives oxygen-depleted blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

what is the systematic circuit?

the left side of the heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body through the aorta to the tissues

what are the functions of arteries?

they carry blood away from the heart and deliver o2 and nutrients to the cells

what are the functions of veins?

they carry blood to the heart and remove co2 and wastes

what are capillaries?

tiny, thin vessels clustered into capillary beds; the site of local exchange

what are the enzymes in the mouth?

salivary amylase; the incomplete breakdown of carbs

what are the enymes in the stomach?

pepsin; the incomplete breakdown of proteins

what are the enzymes in the pancreas?

amylase, protease, trypsin, lipase, nuclease; the incomplete breakdown of lipids and carbs

how does the digestive system work?

1. ingest

2. digest

3. absorb

4. eliminate

what are the accessory organs?

produces digestive chemicals

1. salivary glands

2. liver

3. gallbladder

4. pancreas

5. appendix

what organs are in the gastrointestinal tract?

1. mouth

2. pharynx

3. esophagus

4. stomach

5. small intestine

6. large intestine

7. rectum

what is the function of the mouth?

the mechanical digestion of food

what is the function of the esophagus?

connects the mouth with the stomach, pushes food all the way down into the stomach through a food bolis

what is the function of the stomach?

storage and mixing, includes stomach acid (kills bacteria) and the pepsin enzyme

what are the functions of the small intestine?

the major site of digestion and absorption of nutrients, receives bile and pancreatic enzymes, digestion is completed in the duodenum, absorption occurs along the remaining length

what is the duodenum?

the first part of the small intestine, where food is further digested and nutrients are absorbed

what are villi?

folding and protrusions in the small intestine that increase the surface area to maximize absorption

what are the functions of the large intestine?

the elimination of waste and reabsorption of water

what are the functions of the pancreas?

produces the most important digestive enzymes that get released in the small intestine

what are the function of the liver and gallbladder?

the liver produces bile; the gallbladder stores bile which gets released in small intestine

what is bile?

the emulsification of lipids; neutralizes the stomach acid in the small intestine

what are the 4 most abundant elements of life?

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

what are covalent bonds?

a chemical bond formed when electrons are shared between two atoms

what bond is formed when atoms are sharing electrons unequally?

polar covalent bond

what kind of a molecule is water?

a polar molecule

what is a hydrogen bond?

joins two or more molecules of water together and is weaker than covalent bonds

how is water cohesive?

water has the ability to stick together resulting in surface tension

how is water ahesive?

it has the tendency to form hydrogen bonds with substances other than water

what are the different properties of water?

1. water is cohesive and adhesive

2. water dissolves many substances

3. water regulates temperature

what are the different parts of the urinary system?

1. adrenal glands

2. kidneys

3. renal artery

4. renal vein

5. ureters

6. urinary bladder

7. urethra

what are the functions of the urinary system?

filtering blood, eliminating wastes, and maintaining concentration of body fluids

what is osmoregulation?

the regulation of the balance between salt and water inside the body

what is needed for active transport?

the cell requires energy and a transport protein to move a substance against its concentration gradient

what is endocytosis?

allowing a cell to engulf fluids and large molecules and brings them into the cell

wha is exocytosis?

using vesicles to transport substances out of cells

what are autotrops?

organisms that make their own food

what are heterotrops?

organisms that consume food made up by autotrophs

what is glycogen?

energy storage in animals

what is cellulose?

the structure in cell walls

wha is starch?

the energy storage in plants

what are triglycerides?

provides the body with energy storage, cushioning and isolation

what are saturated fats?

carbons of datty acids all single bonded (max no. of hydrogen)

1. solid at room temperature

2. mostly animal fats

3. contribute to atherosclerosis

what are unsaturated fats?

some carbons are double bonded (fewer no. of hydrogen)

1. liquid at room temperature

2. plant and fish fats

3. hydrogenation solidifies and makes trans fats