IPS1 -Medicinal Biochemistry p2

Proverbs 16:3

Metabolism

All reactions in body balance between energy requiring (anabolism) and energy-releasing (catabolism) reactions

• anabolism

• catabolism

• Energy requiring = _____ [anabolism / catabolism]

• Energy releasing= _____ [anabolism / catabolism]

Anabolism 

[Anabolism / Catabolism]

_____-

• Reactions that combine smaller, simpler molecules into larger molecules using energy from energy molecules

• Requires energy to make bonds

• Monosaccharide → Polysaccharide + H₂O

• Amino acid + Amino acid → Protein + H₂O

• Glycerol + Fatty acids → Triglyceride lipid + H₂O

• Nucleotides + Nucleotides → Nucleic acid

Example of Anabolism [4]

Energy-requiring reactions

Anabolism is aka ____ reactions? 

Catabolism

[Anabolism / Catabolism / Amphibolism]

Breaks down absorbed nutrients into smaller molecules

Anabolism

[Anabolism / Catabolism / Amphibolism]

Synthesis of complex molecules.

Amphibolism

[Anabolism / Catabolism / Amphibolism]

• Dual function:

  • both breakdown and synthesis.

Catabolism

[Anabolism / Catabolism / Amphibolism]

Releases energy (exergonic)

Anabolism

[Anabolism / Catabolism / Amphibolism]

Requires energy (endergonic)

Amphibolism

[Anabolism / Catabolism / Amphibolism]

Both releases and requires energy

Catabolism

[Anabolism / Catabolism / Amphibolism]

Destructive, "breaking down" a molecule.

Anabolism

[Anabolism / Catabolism / Amphibolism]

Constructive, "building up" a molecule.

Amphibolism

[Anabolism / Catabolism / Amphibolism]

Can proceed in either direction.

Catabolism

[Anabolism / Catabolism / Amphibolism]

Breaks down macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) into simpler ones (monosaccharides , fatty acids, amino acids)

Anabolism

[Anabolism / Catabolism / Amphibolism]

Builds macromolecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids) from simpler building blocks.

Amphibolism

[Anabolism / Catabolism / Amphibolism]

Utilizes intermediates from one process as building blocks for another

• Glycolysis

• Krebs Cycle

  • for energy production

• Cellular Respiration

Example of Catabolism [3]

• Photosynthesis

• Protein synthesis

• DNA replication

Example of Anabolism [3]

Krebs cycle

→ due to its role in both breaking down glucose and providing precursors for synthesis

Example of Amphibolism [1]

Catabolism

[Anabolism / Catabolism / Amphibolism]

Function: To release energy and provide building blocks for anabolic reactions

Anabolism

[Anabolism / Catabolism / Amphibolism]

Function: To build and repair tissues, grow, and store energy.

Amphibolism

[Anabolism / Catabolism / Amphibolism]

Function:  To link catabolic and anabolic pathways, ensuring a balanced metabolism

Biomolecules

____- are molecules that naturally occur in living organisms

Biomolecules

____-

• Large or giant molecules (macromolecules)

• Composed of polymers

polymers

Biomolecules are composed of ____ ?

Macromolecules

Large or giant molecules is aka _____ ?

• Proteins (amino acids)

• Carbohydrates (monosaccharides)

• Nucleic acids (nucleotides)

• Lipids (fatty acids +glycerol)

FOUR MAJOR BIOMOLECULES 

Monomer 

Building Blocks

• glucose

• fructose

Example of Monosaccharides [2]

• starch

• glycogen

• cellulose

Example of Polysaccharides [3]

• Glucose

• starch

• glycogen

• cellulose

Example of Carbohydrates [4]

• Enzymes

• antibodies

• hemoglobin

• keratin

Example of Proteins [4]

• Fats

• Oils

• waxes

• phospholipids

• steroids

Example of Lipids [5]

• DNA

• RNA

Example of Nucleic Acids [2]

Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose, fructose)

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A. Amino acids

B. Fatty acids and glycerol

C. Monosaccharides

D. Nucleotides

Amino acids (20 types)

What is the monomer of proteins?

A. Monosaccharides

B. Amino acids

C. Nucleotides

D. Fatty acids and glycerol

20 types

• 10 essential -diet

• 10 Non- essential - body

Amino Acids have ______ [how many] different TYPES

Fatty acids + Glycerol

What is the monomer of lipids?

A. Amino acids

B. Fatty acids and glycerol

C. Nucleotides

D. Monosaccharides

Nucleotides 

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A. Amino acids

B. Monosaccharides

C. Nucleotides

D. Fatty acids

Nucleic Acids

[BIOMOLECULE]

____-Composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

• Sugar 

• Phosphate group

• Nitrogenous base 

Nucleic Acid is composed of ____[3]

Carbohydrates

Which biomolecule has polysaccharides (starch, glycogen, cellulose) as polymers?

A. Carbohydrates

B. Proteins

C. Lipids

D. Nucleic acids

• starch

• glycogen

• cellulose

Glucose Polymers [3]

Proteins

Which biomolecule has polysaccharides Polypeptides as polymers?

A. Carbohydrates

B. Proteins

C. Lipids

D. Nucleic acids

Lipids

Which biomolecule does not form true polymers?

A. Carbohydrates

B. Proteins

C. Lipids

D. Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids

Which biomolecule has Polynucleotides (DNA, RNA) Polypeptides as polymers?

A. Carbohydrates

B. Proteins

C. Lipids

D. Nucleic acids

• DNA

• RNA

Example of Polynucleotides [2]

Lipids

Which biomolecule form large structures through non-covalent ineteractions 

A. Carbohydrates

B. Proteins

C. Lipids

D. Nucleic acids

C, H, O, N (sometimes S)

Which elements make up proteins?
A. C, H, O only
B. C, H, O, N (sometimes S)
C. C, H, O, P
D. C, H, O, N, P

Cystein & Methionine

Which amino acids are sulfur containing?
A. Valine & Leucine
B. Cystein & Methionine
C. Glycine & Alanine
D. Phenylalanine & Tryptophan

CGUA – ribose

Which bases are present in RNA?
A. CGTA – deoxyribose
B. CGUA – ribose
C. ATCG – ribose
D. CGTA – ribose

fructose polymer 

Inulin is a ____[glucose /fructose polymer]

• Phenylalanine

• Valine

• Threonine

• Tryptophan

• Isoleucine

• Methionine

• Histidine

• Arginine

• Leucine

• Lysine

Classic mnemonic for the 10 essential amino acids: 

MNEMONIC: PVT TIM HALL

C, H, O only

Which elements make up Carbohydrates

A. C, H, O only
B. C, H, O, N (sometimes S)
C. C, H, O, P
D. C, H, O, N, P

C, H, O (less O than carbs)

Which elements make up  Lipids

A. C, H, O (less O than carbs)
B. C, H, O, N (sometimes S)
C. C, H, O, P
D. C, H, O, N, P

C, H, O, N, P

Which elements make up Nucleic Acids

A. C, H, O (less O than carbs)
B. C, H, O, N (sometimes S)
C. C, H, O, P
D. C, H, O, N, P

CGTA – deoxyribose

DNA bases and sugar
A. CGUA – ribose
B. CGTA – deoxyribose
C. CGTA – ribose
D. CGUA – deoxyribose

CGUA – ribose

RNA bases and sugar

A. CGUA – ribose

B. CGTA – deoxyribose

C. CGTA – ribose

D. ATGC – ribose

Phosphate

What do both DNA and RNA have in common?

A. Sulfur group

B. Phosphate

C. Fructose

D. Fatty acid chain

Carbohydrates

[BIOMOLECULE]

• They are the primary energy source (short-term energy).

Carbohydrates

[BIOMOLECULE] 

• They provide structural support in plants (the cellulose).

Carbohydrates

[BIOMOLECULE] 

• They are involved in cell recognition.

Proteins

[BIOMOLECULE] 

____-

• They catalyze reactions (the enzymes).

• They provide structural support (the collagen).

Proteins

[BIOMOLECULE] 

_____-

• They transport molecules (the hemoglobin).

• They play a role in immune function (the antibodies).

Proteins

[BIOMOLECULE] 

• They act as hormones (the insulin).

Lipids

[BIOMOLECULE] 

• They are for long-term energy storage

Lipids

[BIOMOLECULE] 

• They are the main component of cell membranes (the phospholipids).

Lipids

[BIOMOLECULE] 

• They provide insulation and protection.

• They also act as hormones (the steroids).

Nucleic Acids

[BIOMOLECULE] 

• They store and transfer the genetic information.

Nucleic Acids

[BIOMOLECULE] 

• They direct the protein synthesis.

Lipids (9 kcal/g)

Which biomolecule has the highest energy yield?
A. Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Lipids
D. Nucleic acids

4 kcal/g

How much energy do carbohydrates provide?

4 kcal/g

How much energy do proteins provide? 

9 kcal/g (highest)

How much energy do lipids provide?

No (N/A)

Do nucleic acids provide energy?

a. YES

b. NO

Amylase test

An important indicator for pancreatic disease, especially acute pancreatitis.

True

[T/F]  DNA is synthesized in our body

lipid

fatty acids +glycerol = _____ ? 

Glucose (carbohydrate)

IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING MONOMERS

Phenylalanine (protein)

IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING MONOMERS

Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)   

—Nucleic acid

—fat

IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING MONOMERS

Monomers

The simple subunits or building blocks

• Amino acid

• Nucleotide

• Saccharide

Example of Monomer [3]

Polymer

Larger molecules made by joining monomers

• Peptide, Oligopeptide, Polypeptide, Protein

• Nucleic acid (DNA, RNA)

• Oligosaccharide, Polysaccharide

Example of Polymer

Oligosaccharides

They are carbohydrates made of a few monosaccharides (3–10 units) joined together.

Polysaccharides

They are carbohydrates made of many monosaccharides (more than 10, often hundreds or thousands).

• glucose

• galactose

• fructose

Example of Monosaccharides [3]

• sucrose

• maltose

• lactose

Example of Disaccharides [3]

Mnemonic: Share Mo Lang

raffinose

Example of Oligosaccharide [1]

• cellulose

• starch

• glycogen

Example of Polysaccharides [3]

glycogen

_____-

• Also called animal starch.

• It is the storage form of carbohydrate in animals.

Sucrose

[Carbohydrates – Disaccharides]

____= Glucose + Fructose (G–F)

Lactose

Carbohydrates – Disaccharides]

____= Glucose + Galactose (G–Gal)

Maltose

Carbohydrates – Disaccharides]

____= Glucose + Glucose (G–G)

Straight chain

Amylose structure

A. Branched chain

B. Straight chain

C. Helical chain with β bonds

D. Random chain

α (1→4) glycosidic linkages

Amylose bond type

A. β (1→4) glycosidic linkages

B. α (1→4) glycosidic linkages

C. α (1→6) glycosidic linkages

D. β (1→6) glycosidic linkages

Starch

Amylose and Amylopectin are found in:

A. Starch

B. Cell walls

C. Glycogen only

D. Chitin

Branched chain

Amylopectin structure

A. Straight chain

B. Branched chain

C. Spiral chain

D. Cross-linked chain