Heredity vocab

Meiosis is included with cell cycle flashcards

Genetics

Study of heredity

Heredity

Passing of traits from parents to offspring

Trait

Characteristic that can be passed on to offspring

Gene

Part of the chromosome that has the information that codes for traits

Alleles

Two different forms of a gene

F1

Offspring of the parental cross

Homozygous

Two of the same alleles for a trait

Heterozygous

Two different alleles for a trait

Genotype

Genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

Physical characteristic of a trait that is visible

Test cross

Cross between an organism with a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype and another that is homozygous recessive

Dihybrid cross

Cross looking at two, independently inherited traits at the same time

Incomplete dominance

Neither allele is dominant; heterozygous phenotype is a blend between the two alleles

Codominance

Both alleles are dominant; heterozygous phenotype contains both traits

Multiple alleles

Genes with more than two possible alleles

Sex-linked

Gene present on the X chromosome

Autosome

Non-sex chromosome

Wild type

Most common pheno- or genotype in a multiple allele trait

Variant

Less common pheno- or genotype in a multiple allele trait

Haploidiploidy

Sex-determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid

Pedigree

Family tree showing inheritance of one trait

Polygenic

Trait controlled by two or more genes

Epistasis

When one gene interferes with the expression of another

Linked genes

Genes that are located close to each other on the same chromosome and more likely to be inherited together

Carrier

Someone who has a mutant allele and can pass it on to offspring but is themself unaffected by it

Parental type

Chromosome with the same allele combination as a parent

Recombinants

Gametes with combinations of alleles that do not match the parental type

Recombination frequency

Percent of offspring with recombinant genotype

Linkage map

Diagram showing the distance between genes on a chromosome and therefore their likeliness of crossing over

1 map unit

1% recombination frequency

Nondisjunction

Imporoper separation of chromosomes during meiosis

Aneuploidy

Incorrect number of chromosomes in an offspring

Trisomy

3 copies of a chromosome instead of 2

Monosomy

1 copy of a chromosome instead of 2

X inactivation

Random inactivation of an X chromosome in the embryo of a mammalian female

Barr body

Inactive X chromosome

Deletion

A gene is removed from a chromosome

Duplication

An existing gene is added again to a chromosome

Translocation

Genes from two chromosomes swap locations

Inversion

Genes within a chromosome are rearranged

Lethal

Dominant or recessive trait that causes deterioration of health to the point of death

Phenotypic plasticity

Individuals with the same genotype exhibit different phenotypes in different environments

Pleiotropy

One gene controls multiple, seemingly unrelated features