APUSH Period 1 & 2 Vocab

Albany Plan

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown.

Proclamation of 1763

An English law enacted after gaining territory from the French at the end of the French and Indian War. It forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The Colonists were no longer proud to be British citizens after the enactment. It caused the first major revolt against the British.

William Pitt

Was a British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London government, and earned himself the name, "Organizer of Victory." He led and won a war against Quebec. Pittsburgh was named after him.

Pontiac's Rebellion

An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottawa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when the leader was killed.

Regulator Movement

The movement during the 1760s by western North Carolinians, mainly Scots-Irish, that resented the way that the Eastern part of the state-dominated political affairs. They believed that the tax money was being unevenly distributed. Many of its members joined the American Revolutionists.

Triangular Trade

A small profitable trading route started by people in New England who would barter a product to get slaves in Africa, and then sell them to the West Indies in order to get the same cargo of goods that would help in repeating this process. This form of trading was used by New Englanders in conjunction with other countries in the 1750s.

Great Awakening

A religious revival held in the 1730s and 1740s to motivate colonial America. Motivational speakers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield helped to bring Americans together.

Peter Zenger Trial

He criticized the king and was accused of "seditious libel" but he claimed what he printed was the truth and help establish the idea of freedom of the press.

Benjamin Franklin

Was born on January 17, 1706, in Boston Massachusetts. He taught himself math, history, science, English, and five other languages. He owned a successful printing and publishing company in Philadelphia. He conducted studies of electricity and invented bifocal glasses, the lightning rod, and the stove. He was an important diplomat and statesman and eventually signed the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.

Johnathan Edwards

An American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" sermon.

George Whitefield

He came into the picture in 1738 during the Great Awakening, which was a religious revival that spread through all of the colonies. He was a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach about love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy.

Black Legend

Idea developed during North American colonial times that the Spanish utterly destroyed the Indians through slavery and disease while the English did not. It is a false assertion that the Spanish were more evil towards the Native Americans than the English were.

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Act of Toleration

A legal document that allowed all Christian religions in Maryland: Protestants invaded the Catholics in 1649 around Maryland: protected the Catholics religion from Protestant rage of sharing the land: Maryland became the \#1 colony to shelter Catholics in the New World.

House of Burgesses

The first representative assembly in the New World, authorized by the London Company. A momentous precedent was thus feebly established, for this assemblage was the first of many miniature parliaments to sprout form the soil of America.

Fundamental Orders

The constitution established in 1639 by the Connecticut River colony settlers. It made a Democratic government. It was the first constitution in the colonies and was a beginning for the other states' charters and constitutions.

Mayflower Compact

A contract made by the voyagers on the Mayflower agreeing that they would form a simple government where majority ruled.

Puritans

A group of religious reformists who wanted to "purify"the Anglican Church. Their ideas started with John Calvin in the 16th century and they first began to leave England in 1608. Later voyages came in 1620 with the Pilgrims and in 1629, which was the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

New England Confederation

A Union of four colonies consisting of the two Massachusetts colonies (The Bay colony and Plymouth colony) and the two Connecticut colonies (New Haven and scattered valley settlements) in 1643. The purpose of the confederation was to defend against enemies such as the Indians, French, Dutch, and prevent inter-colonial problems that affected all four colonies.

Thomas Hooker

1635; a Boston Puritan, brought a group of fellow Boston Puritans to newly founded Hartford, Connecticut.

William Penn

English Quaker; "Holy Experiment"; persecuted because he was a Quaker; 1681 he got a grant to go over to the New World; area was Pennsylvania; pacifism and peace with natives

Anne Hutchinson

A religious dissenter whose ideas provoked an intense religious and political crisis in the Massachusetts Bay Colony between 1636 and 1638. She challenged the principles of Massachusetts' religious and political system. Her ideas became known as the heresy of Antinomianism, a belief that Christians are not bound by moral law. She was latter expelled, with her family and followers, and went and settled in Pocasset (now Portsmouth, R.I.)

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island where there was full religious freedom.

King Phillip's War

A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

Salutary Neglect

British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II. Relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs by royal bureaucrats contributed significantly to the rise of American self-government.

Middle Passage

The middle segment of the forced journey that slaves made from Africa to America throughout the 1600s; it consisted of the dangerous trip across the Atlantic Ocean; many slaves perished on this segment of the journey.

Bacon's Rebellion

In 1676, a young planter led a rebellion against people who were friendly to the Indians. In the process, he torched Jamestown, Virginia, and was murdered by Indians.

Leisler's Rebellion

An ill-starred bloody insurgency in New York City took place between landholders and merchants.

Headright System

Way to attract immigrants; gave 50 acres of land to anyone who paid their way and/or any plantation owner that paid an immigrant's way; mainly a system in the southern colonies.

Salem Witch Trials

The prosecution and execution of twenty women and men for witchcraft in Massachusetts in 1692. This event made the Puritans realize that church and state should be separated.

Pueblo Revolt

1680, the revolt of indigenous laborers led by a shaman named Pope. killed colonists and priests and got Spanish out of modern-day New Mexico for 12 years.

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it. It obliged the settler to protect and Christianize the natives.

Paxton Boys

A group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World" even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journeys until the time of his death in 1503.

Treaty of Tordesillas

In 1494 Spain and Portugal were disputing the lands of the new world, so the Spanish went to the Pope, and he divided the land of South America for them. Spain got the vast majority, the west, and Portugal got the east.

Starving Time

The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as this to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. Many died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.

Slave Codes

In 1661 a set of codes that denied slaves basic fundamental rights, and gave their owners permission to treat them as they saw fit.

Yeoman

An owner and cultivator of a small farm.

John Smith

Took over the leadership role of the English Jamestown settlement in 1608. Most people in the settlement at the time were only there for personal gain and did not want to help strengthen the settlement. He therefore told the people, "people who do not work do not eat." His leadership saved the Jamestown settlement from collapsing.