anatomy midterm review

How are anatomy and physiology related? How are they different?

anatomy is the study o the body structures while physiology is how the body works, but they both allow for the understanding of the body

What are the levels of structural organization in the body in order?

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Give multiple examples of which organs are in each body system. Why are they in that system? (ie how do you know that ovaries are part of the reproductive system and the endocrine system?)

integumentary- skin, hair, nails

skeletal- bones, cartilage, ligaments

lymphatic- lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils

respiratory- nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

urinary- kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

endocrine- pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids

What are the differences between negative and positive feedback systems? Give examples of both.

negative feedback opposes the stimulus while positive feedback reinforces the stimulus (ex feeling pain when u touch smth hot vs blood clotting)

Know the body regions.

picture + back side: otic (ear), occipital, scapular, vertebral column, lumbar, gluteal, perineal, popliteal, calcaneal, plantar

Know the anatomical terms.

medial, lateral,proximal, distal, superior, inferior, superficial, deep, anterior (ventral), posterior (dorsal)

What is anatomical position?

standing, forward facing, palms forward

Know the location of each body cavity.

Know the body planes.

sagittal- divides into left and right

transverse- divides into top and bottom

frontal (coronal)- divides into front and back

Where is each abdominal region located?

right hypochondriac | epigastric | left hypochondriac

right lumbar | umbilical | left lumbar

right iliac | hypogastric | left iliac

Review each of the types of organic compounds and how they differ from each other.

carbohydrates- C, H, O, glucose, saccharides

lipids- C, H, meats, oils, daries, butter, phospholipids, steroids

protein- C, H, O, N, amino acids

nucleic acid- DNA, RNA

Review cell organelles, their structure and functions.

What is apoptosis?

programmed cell death

How are integral proteins in cell membranes different from peripheral proteins?

Integral proteins are embedded in the cell membrane's lipid bilayer, spanning all or part of it, while peripheral proteins are loosely attached to the surface, interacting via weak bonds and easily removed.

Differentiate between hypertonic and hypotonic solutions.

hypotonic- cells will gain water (solution has high solute)

hypertonic- cells will lose water (solution has low solute)

Describe lysosomes and peroxisomes.

lysosome- enzyme for excess/waste

peroxisome- enzyme for poisons

Explain how acids and bases are rated on the pH scale.

0-7 acidic, 7- neutral, 7+ basic

What units are used to measure cells?

micrometers (µ)

Know the steps of mitosis in order and what occurs in each step.

prophase- chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, nucleolus disappears

metaphase- chromosomes attach to spindle fibers and go to middle

anaphase- chromosomes separate and go to centrioles

telophase- chromosomes return to chromatin structure, nuclear envelope forms

Identify each of the following organelles and explain their function: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, cilia, flagella.

cell membrane; phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol keeps it impermeable

cytoplasm- cytosol + organelles containing cytoskeleton

nucleus- control center, contains DNA

ribosomes- site of protein synthesis

mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell

ER- (rough) contains ribosomes for protein synthesis (smooth) lipid synthesis

cilia- microtubules that move back and forth to remove mucus, etc.

flagella- longer than cilia, moves the entire cell

Define the following: active transport, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion.

diffusion- high to low concentration

facilitated- across cell membrane through ion channels, passive

osmosis- passive transport of water

active- low to high concentration, requires ATP (ex: Na+K+ pump)

Define the following terms: stem cell, progenitor cell, totipotent, pluripotent, germ cell, haploid cell, diploid cell.

stem cell- can differentiate into any cell type

progenitor- partially specialized cell

totipotent- daughter cells that specialize to become any cell type

pluripotent- daughter cells that can become limited # of cells

haploid- have 1 set of chromosomes

diploid- 2 sets of chromosomes

germ cell- ½ # of chromosomes of a somatic cell (gamete)

What is the arrector pili muscle, what does it do and where is it attached?

attaches to hair shaft that causes hair to stand up

What happens to the skin during heat production and heat loss?

heat production- vasodialation of blood vessels

heat loss- vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Describe the types of epithelial tissue and where they are found in the body.

simple:

squamos- single layer, rapid diffusion, blood vessels and lung tissue

cuboidal- single layer, secretion and absorption, kidney tissue

columnar- tall, single layer, secretion of mucus, lining of digestive tract

stratified:

squamous- thick protection of epidermis

cuboidal- one or more layers, rare, salivary and mammary glands

stratified- columnar, rare, larynx and male urethra

Name the 4 types of tissue in the body.

connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous

Describe how the Rule of 9s works for burn victims.

divides body into regions of 9 to evaluate extent of burns (ex: anterior trunk= 18%)

How does skin respond to aging?

cell cycle slows, epidermis and dermis thin, dry skin, lowered vitamin D

Besides the skin, what are the other components of the integumentary system?

hair, nails, glands

Identify the layers of epithelial tissue. #2

free/apical, basal surface, basement membrane

What are the components of an extracellular matrix? # 11

ground substance; watery gel like substance secreted by cells

fibers/threads- collagen, elastic, reticular

List properties of hair follicles. #6

shaft (above skin), arrector pili muscle, hair root, hair bulge, hair follicle, papillae

Explain the risks of indoor tanning and sun exposure. #4

melanoma and skin cancer from UV radiation

Describe the properties of spongy bone vs compact bone. #7

spongy- cancellous, porous made of trabeculae giving space for red bone marrow

compact- dense, strong outer layer for support made of osteons

Which types of joints and movable? Immovable? #28

fibrous and cartilagenous are immovable while synovial are movable

Differentiate between the functions and locations of osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts. #11

osteocytes- mature bone cells that make up majority of bone structure

osteoblasts- produce new bone, haversian canal

osteoclasts break down new bone, haversian canal

What is the difference between osteopenia and osteoporosis? #15

osteopenia- bone loss

osteoporosis- severe bone loss leading to spaces and canals tn the bone that weaken them

Identify the parts of a long bone. #4

epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis, epiphyseal plate, articular cartilage

Differentiate between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. #21, 26

axial- center line (vertebra, skull, sacrum, etc.)

appendicular- appendiges

Be able to identify the following bones: parts of the sternum, patella, bones in the pelvic cradle, skull and facial bones, basic bones in the arms and legs, hands and feet. #21

skull: PESTO (Parietal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Temporal, Occipital)

facial bones: My Mom Loves Vibrant Norwegian Zoos (Mandible, Maxilla, Lacrimal, Vomer, Nasal, Zygomatic)

Give examples of the five types of bones. #3

flat (scapula), long (femur), irregular (vertebra), short (wrist), sesamoid (patella)

Know the location of the parts of a muscle fiber (sarcomere, z line, H band, A band, I band, actin filaments, myosin filaments). #10, 13

enjoy my beautiful drawing

Compare and contrast the properties of the three types of muscle tissues. #5

skeletal- cylindrical, striated, multinucleated, voluntary, contracts slow or quick

cardiac- branched, striated, uninucleated, involuntary, slow steady contractions

smooth- uniform layers, nonstriated, uninucleated, involuntary, slow sustained contractions

What happens when muscles become fatigued? #17

glucose supply is exhausted and ATP is no longer being used efficiently, oxygen debt is created

Identify the muscles in the facial region and their basic functions. #26

Explain the process of muscle contraction. # 11

myosin heads attach to actin filaments and pull the z line closer, shortening the sarcomere (sliding filament theory)

Differentiate between prime mover, antagonist, synergist, origin and insertion. #22

prime mover (agonist)- muscle dong the action

antagonist- opposing muscles

synergist- help contraction (same direction)

origin- nonmoving pt of attachment

insertion- movable pt of attachment

Differentiate between tendons and aponeurosis, #22, 5

tendon- attaches muscle to bone, cord-like

aponeurosis- flat, sheet-like muscle connector for muscles and tissues

What is acetylcholine? Acetylcholinesterase?

acetylcholine is the chief neurotransmitter of the PNS, can stimulate or block a response

acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme in the synapse between the nerve and muscle cells that breaks down the acetylcholine to stop signal

Know the major muscles of the arms and legs. #25

back: glute med and max, gastrocnemius, soleus

front: tensor fasciae latae, ioliopsas, pectieus, adductor longus, gracilis, sartorius, rectus femoris, VLO, VMO, fibularis longus, tibialus anterior, soleus, extensor digitorium longus

What is Myasthenia Gravis?

autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle fibers causing muscle weakness and fatigue

Name four ways that mammals are adapted for survival.

inscisors, fur, mammary glands, four chambered heart

Know the locations and functions of the following organs in the rat: heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidney, large and small intestines, cecum, diaphragm, trachea, esophagus, stomach, uterine horns, testes. # 3 (identify spleen for this question)

spleen- right by stomach, destroys blood cells, helps immune system and stores blood

What personal safety equipment is required during an animal dissection?

googles, apron, gloves