Typology of Different Layers of the Lexicon in English, Russian, and Uzbek Languages

Ptarmigan

→ Scottish Gaelic origin; spelling altered with silent “p”.

Crayon

→ French origin; from “craie” ← Latin “creta”.

Bungalow

→ Hindi origin; from “bangla” meaning Bengali-style house.

Juggernaut

→ Sanskrit origin; from “Jagannātha”, “Lord of the World”.

Hooch .

→ Tlingit (Alaska Native) origin; from “hútch”

Gimmick

→ Possibly Romani origin; unclear etymology.

Kowtow

→ Chinese origin; Mandarin “kòutóu” meaning deep bow.

Baloney

→ Italian origin; from Bologna (sausage).

Galore

→ Irish Gaelic; “go leor” meaning plenty.

Marmalade

→ Portuguese origin; “marmelada” (quince jam).

Zombie

→ West African origin; Kikongo “nzambi” → Haitian Creole.

Beef

→ French origin; Norman borrowing replacing Old English term.

Стакан

→ Dutch origin; from seafaring word “stakan”.

Лимонад

→ French origin; “limonade” ← Italian ← Arabic “laymūn”.

Куртка

→ German origin; from “kurze Jacke” (short jacket).

Тумба

→ Italian origin; “tomba”, originally stone block.

Кашне

→ French origin; “cache-nez” (hide the nose).

Парик

→ French origin; “perruque”.

Сокол

→ Possibly Turkic origin; early steppe influence.

Башмак

→ Persian origin; “pašmak” meaning slippers.

Карман

→ German origin; related to “Kammer” (chamber).

Кружка

→ Old Norse origin; “krús” → OHG “krūga”.

Arava

→ Persian origin; “arābah”, via Chagatai.

Qo‘ng‘iroq

→ Mongolic origin or Turkic-Mongol hybrid.

Sovun

→ Arabic origin; “ṣābūn” → Persian “sābun”.

G‘olib

→ Arabic origin; “gālib” meaning victorious.

Kirmizi

→ Persian origin; “qirmiz” ← dye insect “kermes”.

Tomorqa

→ Persian origin; “tamarqa”.

G‘oz

→ Proto-Turkic origin; ancient Turkic word for goose.

Qand

→ Sanskrit origin; “khanda” → Persian → Uzbek.