product design 3/4

4 phases of the double diamond design process (D.D.D.D)

Discover - divergent

define - convergent

develop - divergent

deliver - convergent

Activity for discover stage

design problem/ need or opportunity

Research

interviews/ surveys

gathering data

Activity for define stage

Design brief

Activity for develop stage

generating and designing

sketches

Prototypes

Activity for deliver process

product design solution

proof of concept - final product

producing and implementing

Principles of good design

innovative

useful

aesthetic

understandable

unobtrusive

honest

long-lasting

thorough

environmentally friendly

as little design as possible (minimal)

Elements of design

Shape

line

form

colour

tone

transparency, translucency and opacity

texture and surface qualities

proportion and shape

3 factors to consider when developing ethical products

Environmental issues

economical

social

design brief

• end-user profile

• function

• project scope

• constraints and considerations - expected quality, ethical considerations and factors that influence design

What is universal design

Products are designed for anyone no matter of age

What is ergonomics

study of how to design a product to suit the body types and shapes that they are made for

4 Risk management steps

Identify hazards

assess hazards

treat/ respond to risks

monitor/ report on risks

What does cultural influence consider

• understanding how cultural values, social norms, and aesthetics shape perceptions and preferences

• aboriginal and Torres straight islanders

5 Stages of LCA

raw materials extraction

manufacturing

distribution

use

disposal/ recycling

What is R&D

research and development focuses on creating new knowledge, innovation

What are the 4 types of R&D

Inventing or developing new materials
Looking at materials developed in other fields
developing new equipment

What are the factors that influence design

Need or opportunity
function
end users
aesthetics
market needs and opportunities
product life cycle
technologies
ethical considerations

What are visualizations

sketches

what are design options

detailed, refined drawings displaying multiple views of the product (in context = on a croqui ect)

What are some experimental materials

bioproducts - mycelium

innovative polymers used for 3D printing

composite metals

repurposed plastics

what are some alternative materials

Vegan leather

bamboo

What is speculative design

Asking questions such as "what if…." when thinking about possible futures and considering implications of products coming into our life

Methods of collecting feedback

surveys

focus groups

6 Product development process stages

Product concepts or identifying a need
market research and R&D
Design prototype development
production and distribution
retail and consumer use
product evaluation and modification

Emerging technologies

CAD

CNC

AI

Automation

CAM

laser technology

robotics

rapid 3D prototyping - 3D printing

AI

AI in manufacturing involves using technology to automate complex tasks and unearthing previously unknown patterns in manufacturing processes or workflows.

Automation

The automated control of technologies and machines.

AI and automation impact on production

Expensive to set up

Mostly suited to high-volume production

Reduces need for human labour

Because lower labour more production can be produced on shore (don’t need to send away for lower costs of labour)

Decrease errors - increase sales, decrease lost sales meaning reducing workload for company

Increase safety

Increase comfort

CAD

Using the computer to draw and design and view 3D visualisations for virtual prototypes.

Means you can make adjustments easily, send quickly to different design teams/ end-users. View quickly with different materials, colours etc.

CAM

Computer-Aided Manufacturing, often abbreviated as CAM, is a technology-driven process that uses computer software and machinery to facilitate and automate manufacturing processes Lasers, CNC cutters, Lasers.

CNC

This is the system of how the CAD (design program) can be used by the method of CAM (output). The design build from the CAD must be able to be read by the machine that is reading it. This is usually done on an X-Y-Z axis. 

Laser technology

A device that emits a highly coherent beam of light.

Lasers can:

●Cut

●Scan

●Take measurements

●Engave, emboss (change surface of materials)

●Weld

Used in all scales of production as more accessible and affordable.

Reduces error, fast, accurate, improve safety, can come in different sizes.

robotics

Are automated machines. 

They can:

Weld, paint, handle materials, assembly and inspection.

They are:

Safe, accurate, fast, can do repetitive jobs non stop.

rapid 3D prototyping - 3D printing

Works from instruction (CNC) from CAD. This process is used widely to create physical 3D prototypes of designs and or parts in quicktime with high precision.

C2C - Cradle to Cradle

emphasizes a recycling plan for the end of a products life

design: chooses reusable/biodegradable materials (long term use)

manufacturing: favours use of less toxic chemicals (e.g in glue) puts waste to other uses where possible

Marketing: products states how to recycle

DfD - Design for disassembly

considers all separate parts of the product and how they are joined, it aims for easy repair, minimal different materials in the product.

design: restricts materials, blends, laminates and paints in a design to allow for easy recycling, incorporates snap lock fit systems for easy disassembly 

manufacturing: eliminates glues, labels different materials

marketing: needs to be labeled that it can disassemble so end user is aware

EPR - extended producer responsibility

an approach that recognizes that manufacturers/importers/governments/consumers have a shared responsibility for the environmental impacts of a product through it whole life cycle. Take back and recycle products

design: follows dfd principles (quality products, able to be repaired)

manufacturing: aims for quality production, re-use of waste

marketing: puts systems in place for return of used products

LCA - life cycle analysis

assesses the environmental aspects/ potential impacts associated with a product over its life cycle Examines sourcing/processing of the raw material (manufacture, distribution, use and disposal)

design: choice of materials (scientific research) possible impacts (ect. energy waste)

manufacturing: carbon footprint is considered, methods to reduce water/waste

marketing: reduction of environment impacts at different stages

TBL or 3BL - triple bottom line

3 dimensions of sustainability; environmental, economic and social (3 p’s, planet, people, profit). A company being completely transparent and trying to not only make profit but improve peoples lives and the environment.

design: takes social, environmental and economic into account

manufacturing: production is high quality, safe working conditions and minimal environmental impact

3 parts of TBL

People

profit

planet

6 Rs

rethink, refuse, repair, reduce, reuse, recycle

Scales of manufacturing

One-off, low volume, mass, continuous

lean manufacturing

Aims to at maximizing the output of a manufacturing process with minimal inputs, seeking to always improve. efficient, less/little to no waste in; time labor, materials and processes.

improves the value for consumer and manufacturer 

flexible and responsive manufacturing

allows manufacturers to change production with little notice/cost. respond quickly to consumer demand.

manufacturers cater to consumer demands, respond to change in sales.

obsolescence

when a product is no longer needed

planned obsolescence

product is designed to last a certain period of time

3 types of obsolescence

style

technical

functional

Style

product goes out of fashion, trends change

technical

new technology is invented and product becomes useless

functional

Product breaks down and can no longer be replaced

What stage does discover and define go under

investigating and defining

what stage does develop go under

generating and designing

what stage does deliver go under

producing and implementing

is discover divergent or convergent

divergent

is define divergent or convergent

convergent

its deliver divergent or convergent

convergent

is develop divergent or convergent

divergent

principles of design

symmetry, asymmetry and balance

positive and negative space

contrast

pattern

movement and rhythm 

style

product development process

market research and ideas → designs and prototypes → manufacturing technologies, outsourcing → distribution → retail → customers →

market research

is about people and their wants, plays a role at every stage of development, helps minimize risks, watches competitors, identifies needs and opportunities, makes use of qualitative and quantitative data

worldview issues

environmental

economic

ethical considerations

social

new and emerging technologies: environmental issues - positives

may offer solutions to pressing environmental challenges, such as renewable energy generation or waste reduction, improving the life cycle of products, from raw materials extraction and manufacturing to use and end-of-life disposal

new and emerging technologies: environmental issues - negatives

they also contribute to possible increased consumption and therefore resource depletion, waste and pollution. more interconnectedness of things requires more data, which requires hyperscale data farms consuming immense energy; used in war = destruction

new and emerging technologies: social issues - positives

products can priorities inclusivity, accessibility and affordability, can reach into diverse populations regardless of socioeconomic status, geographic location or cultural background 

new and emerging technologies: social issues - negatives

tends to amplify inequality for livelihoods, employment patterns and societal wellbeing; possible increase in crime, algorithmic biases that can exaggerate misinformation, data breaches and possibly more individualism; used in war creating displacement

new and emerging technologies: economic issues - positives

creates profits, contributes to employment and therefore raises standards of living (for most), increases skill level of workforce, brings stability. needs to consider environmental impact to stay in bussiness

new and emerging technologies: economic issues - negatives

can decrease employment in some sectors and therefore increase inequality; disparity between wealthy and poor, developed and developing nations; surge in economic refugees; could bring uncertainty to some sectors and individuals; impact of corruption and/or increasing crime

new and emerging technologies: ethical considerations

-responsible and ethical use of AI, biotechnology, nanotechnology and other advanced technologies.

-respect for human rights, privacy, autonomy and cultural diversity. it requires government guidelines and systems for accountability.

-transparency in supply chain management of production, including fair labor conditions.

-possibility of ‘bad actors’, misuse of technologies for harm, war ect.

the three areas of sustainability

social

environment

economics

related to people, quality of life, employment, health, living standards, social networks and community

social

maintaining our planet- related to plants, wildlife, the earth, sea, air and water

environment

related to money and finances, ongoing viability and transparent dealings

economics

key factors that determine the success of a product

quality

aesthetics

design input/ ‘level of design’ (eg. placement of parts, proportion, usability)

sustainable

is up to date/ trendy

meets a need

what is R&D’s role and importance

• keeps companies competitive in a global market

• brings innovation

• creates profit and employment

R&D - entrepreneurial activities

• financial investment and risk

• exploring new products, process or markets

• hard work

• anticipating what people want

who does R&D?

• undertaken in specialized units in large corporations or governments

• requires financial outlay

• can be a risky investment as a successful outcome is not always known or guaranteed

strategies that encourage innovation and entrepreneurial activities

• investment

• collaboration

• keeping up to date

• use of R&D