Geology Theme 3

primary limestone chemical

calcium carbonate

calcium carbonate formula

CaCO3

karst

landscape with sinkholes, caves, and springs

how karsts form

water dissolves carbonate rocks

water + carbon dioxide → carbonic acid

H20+CO2→H2CO3

carbonic acid → hydrogen ion + bicarbonate ion

H2CO3→H*HC03

hydrogen ion + bicarbonate ion + calcium carbonate (in limestone)

H*+HCO3→Ca**+2HCO3

speleothems

travertine formations

flowstone

travertine sheets on walls

mammoth cave setting

mississippian limestone

zone of saturation for speleothems

unsaturated zone

exposure spring

aquifer exposed at surface

hypocrene spring

spring just below surface

gushet spring

waterfall on cliff face

helocrene spring

gentle slope trickle

limnocrene spring

pool by a fault

rheocrene spring

stream flows from fault

4 components of a geyser

heat, water, earthquakes, plumbing

eccentricity

changes in orbit roundness, 100,000 yrs

obliquity/tilt

changes in rotational axis, 41,000 yrs

precession

wobbles in axis, 23,000 yrs

3 ice ages

late proterozoic, permian, pleistocine

cold glacial record

low 18/16 ratio

zone of ablation

ice is melted or sublimated

glacial advance

accumulation greater than ablation

glacial retreat

ablation greater than accumulation

crevasse

fracture in glacier

terminus

end of glacier

moraine

sediment pile from glacier

eskers

snake channel for sediment under glacier

drumlins

tear-drop mound

paternoster lakes

chain of lakes going up (from glacier)

aretes

two glaciers make a ridge

horn

3+ glaciers carve a mountain peak

cirque

depression where glacier sits