Unit 2 AP bio

Nerve

________ and muscle cells have gated ion channel proteins to enable the flow of charged ions such as sodium and potassium present in the sodium potassium pump of action potentials.

osmosis

When water utilizes facilitated diffusion, it is called ________.

Plants

________ generally have a large central water vacuole which stores water and ions.

hydrophobic fatty acid tails

The ________ are what controls the movement of substances described above.

Bound

________ ribosomes are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum and mainly make proteins for export.

external environment

The membrane acts like a barrier separating the inside of the cell from the ________ of the cell.

eukaryotes

Many unicellular ________ have contractile vacuoles to pump water out of the cell.

phagocytosis

In ________, the cell engulfs a large molecule, and brings it into the cell.

Carbon dioxide

________ and oxygen gas frequently rely on simple diffusion in order to enter and exit the cell membrane.

Calvin Cycle

The proximity of the stroma to the thylakoids allows for the sharing of products between the ________ (which happens in the stroma) and the light- dependent reactions.

exocytosis

When molecules are secreted from the cell, it is called ________.

large vesicles

Are ________ which store many different things, such as food or water.

Molecules

________ can not pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane easily when particles are either charged or polar.

Aquaporins

________ are essential for plant cells, red blood cells.

inner membrane

The inside of the ________ is called the mitochondrial matrix, which is the site of the Krebs Cycle.

solute

When ________ binds to the receptor, the plasmid pulls away creating a vesicle with the ________.

surface area

The cell reaches a point where the ________ doesnt allow enough nutrients to pass that the cell needs it divides.

endoplasmic reticulum

The ________ (ER), made up of two parts, serves to make other products that the cell needs.

RNA

In prokaryotes, ________ is converted to proteins right after being made from DNA, as they do not have a nucleus or endoplasmic reticulum.

ATP

Uses energy, in the form of ________, to transport molecules against their concentration gradient.

hydrophilic heads

The structure of the membrane, with the hydrophobic tails and ________, the cellular membrane has selective permeability.

Ribosomes

________ synthesize proteins according to mRNA sequences that they receive during the process of translation.

passive movement

Is a(n) ________ of a substance from an area of higher to lower concentration.

Mitochondria

________ also have their own circular DNA.

form of passive transport

Facilitated dIffusion is a(n) ________ which does NOT require energy.

hypotonic solution

A(n) ________ is one that has LESS solute than the inside of the cell.

chloroplast

The ________ is made up of the stroma, or liquid filling of the ________, and the thylakoids, flat sacs of membranes that allow for the absorption of light.

hypertonic solution

A(n) ________ is one that has MORE solute in it than there is inside of the cell.

Active transport

________ may also be used for large or bulky molecules or to transport large quantities of small molecules.

isotonic solution

A(n) ________ is one that has EQUAL solute in it to that of the cell.

eukaryotic cells

In ________, after RNA is made from DNA in the process of transcription, it moves to the ribosome to go through the process of translation.

lysosome

The ________ is also used to recycle and digest old or damaged parts of the cell.

movement of water

The ________ inside and out of the cell is essential to its survival.

Carrier proteins

________ provide an easy way for hydrophilic molecules to pass through the concentration gradient.

site of translation

They are the ________ and are responsible for making all of the proteins for the cell.

Passive transport

________ occurs when molecules go down the concentration gradient.

Channel proteins

________ are laid throughout the membrane to provide a Hydrophilic passage through for the molecules to avoid the Hydrophobic core.

Proteins

________ can be hydrophobic, hydrophilic, charged, uncharged, polar, or non- polar depending on the configuration of the amino acids in the protein.

Free ribosomes

________ are in the cytosol and make proteins that stay in the cell for various functions.

inner foldings

The ________ of the mitochondria membrane, referred to as cristae, are essential to the increased surface area of the inner membrane.

cell gulps

The ________ "surrounding solutes into small vesicles that are covered in a layer of protein.

transport vesicle

A(n) ________ from the Golgi apparatus moves along the microtubules in the cell until it reaches the plasma membrane.

cell membrane

The ________ also has glycoproteins and glycolipids attached to it along with steroids.

endosymbiotic theory states

The ________ that an early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell, and the prokaryotic became an endosymbiont, a cell living in another cell.

Osmosis

________ allows organisms to control their internal solute composition and water potential.

surface area

By reducing the amount of competing space and ________, and also reducing the amount of competing reactions, eukaryotic cells are able to be more efficient than prokaryotic cells.

RNA

The ________ has to move out of the nucleus to either a free- standing ribosome or to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Lysosomes

________ can digest foods by using phagocytosis or engulfing nutrients to digest them.

Carrier proteins

________ alter their shape to allow the flow of molecules through the concentration gradient of the membrane similarly to an enzyme substrate complex.

passive movement

Is also a(n) ________ of a substance from an area of higher to lower concentration.

2.1 Cell structure

subcellular components

Models of the plasma membrane are given the name

fluid mosaic model

This process is aided by proteins located on the plasma membrane (membrane proteins) such as transport proteins

Channel proteins and carrier proteins