Semester 2 Midterm

Scientific Revolution

- 1600-1800
- changes European intellectual life
- advances in science and mathematics

Nicolaus Copernicus

- Polish monk
- discovered heliocentrism in early 16th century

Galileo Galilei

- Italian astronomer
- used the teslescope to to observe the stars
- popularized heliocentrism
- combined math and observations into collection data

Johannes Kepler

German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)
- wrote things that helped support Newtons theories

Tycho Brahe

- from Denmark
- provided foundation for future astronomers

Rene Descartes

- French mathemetician
- emphasized importance of reasoning and logic in science

Francis Bacon

\
* Englishman
* 17th century
* scientific method

Isaac Newton

* Englishman


* late 18th century
* observed concept of gravity

Age of Enlightenment

- period of time in which people tried to apply scientific principles to daily life

John Locke

- 1632 -1704
- writer
- wrote "Two Treaties of Govenment"
- said governments get their power from the governed and this can be withdrawn if government doesn't serve needs
- monarchs didn't have divine rights

Baron Charles de Montesquieu

- French
- 1750 published "The Spirit of Laws"
- argued that government should seperate into executive

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

- French
- 1750 published "The Social Contract'
- monarchs didn't have divine rights

Francois Voltaire

- "I disapprove of what you say

Simon Bolivar

- helped establish a national congress in 1811
- fought for independence
- civil war lasted for 10 years
- founded Gran Columbia

Gran Colombia

- created by Bolivar
- made of Venezuala

Jose de Martin

- creole class of Argentina
- took control of Argentina's military 1814
- merged with Bolivar's forces

Miguel Hidalgo

- Creole
- Mexican rebel
- revolt was suppressed

Jose Morelos

- platform of land redistriubtion
- executed in 1815

Treaty of Cordoba

- 1821
- Spain lost control

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

- 1848
- Ended Mexican-American war
- transferred Mexico's northwest territories to the US

Porfirio Diaz

- Mexican president
- ruled for 35 years
- conservative

Francisco Madero

- 1911
- replaced Diaz
- more liberal
- Assassinated

Pino Suarez

- VP to Madero
- assassinated

Constitutionalist Party

- won Mexican civil war (1914-1915)
- led by Carranza

Emiliano Zapata

- revolutionary leader
- assassinated by Carranza in 1919

Pedro I

- declared Brazil an independant country
- declared himself king
- abdicated in favor of his son

Pedro II

- king of Brazil
- ruled through 19th century
- focused on making Brazil an agricultural superpower

Princess Isabel

- daughter of Pedro II
- when Pedro left in 1888 she took over
- abolished slavery (Brazil was last country to end slavery)
- landowning class disliked the end of slavery
- overthrew monarchy in 1889

Joint Stock Companies

- force for imperialism and colonization
- shares of businesses are owned by different people
- split risk

British East India Company

- trade company
- given charter in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth I
- 1612 got the charter for India from King James I (Stuart King)

Imperialism

- political and/or economic domination over another country
- imperial power: one that accumulates wealth and military power and can control other countries

Colony

- land and its native people that are controlled by another country

Company colony

- a colony that was originally controlled by a trading company
- a charter colony

Settler colony

- voluntarily settled by Europeans
- enough went there to have dominance over the other people there

Missionaries

- built churches

Jan van Riebeeck

- Dutch
- established Cape Colony as a resupply port in 1652

Cape Colony

- established 1652
- resupply port for Dutch ships going to Asia

Seven Years War (French and Indian War)

- ended 1763
- established British supremacy in India and Canada

Ottoman Empire

- name derived from Osman
- Muslim
- controlled Anatolia and the south coast of the Black Sea

Tanzimat

- 1839 Tanzimat Reforms
- relaxed restrictions on the non-Muslim Ottoman citizens

Tourkokratia

- "rule by the Turks"
- 400 year period in which Greeks were ruled by Ottomans
- dark period in Greek history

Asia Minor Catastrophe

- 1922
- when Greeks were forced out of Asia Minor after attempt to join mainland Greece failed
- refugess fled to Syria

Sepoy Mutiny

- 1857
- Indian soldiers who were upset with their treatment by the East India Trading Company
- angered by bullets covered in cow/pig grease
- rebellion lasted over a year
- instigators were executed
- India became a crown colony

Raj

- 1858 British Raj
- Hindu word meaning political rule
- 10% of the country benefited from the Raj
- extensive railroads

Burghers

- Dutch and Sinhalese people (mixed race)
Indonesia
- taken by Dutch in 1824
- Anglo-Dutch treaty
- plantation economies
- native people worked on European owned plantations

Indochine

- 1877
- claimed by France
- rubber trees

Opium Wars

- opium introduced to China in 1733
- Manchu Dynasty banned it because so many were addicted
- 1838-1842
- British took Hong Kong in 1843 and turned it into a crown colony

Scramble for Africa

- European scramble to claim parts of Africa for
themselves
- resources

Caravels

- ships
- used by Portuguese explorers to explore West Africa

David Livingstone

- explored Africa in 1800s
- created detailed maps of central and southern Africa

Cecil Rhodes

- British born founder of De Beers diamond company
- financed explorations north of his base in South Africa

Otto Von Bismarck

- German
- made conference in Berlin to discuss future of European presence in Africa
- 1884

Berlin Conference

- 1884-85
- discussed future of European presence in Africa
- established spheres of of influence of imperial control in Africa
- gave Belgium and Germany boost in the colonial process

Leopold II

- Belgium King
- used HM Stanley to explore Africa and make treaties with local tribes
- took control of the Congo
- allowed brutal treatment of Congolese
- allowed profiteering

H.M. Stanley

- worked for Leopold II from 1869-1874
- explorer
- made maps of Africa
- made treaties with local tribes

Khulis

- Indian people indentured in Africa
- descendants able to buy land in Africa

Abyssinia (Ethiopia)

* last free country
* different tribes allied under Tewahado Orthodox Church
* 1895
* Italian army tried to seize Ethiopia
* held them off 1936 fell to Italian occupation