Christian Heritage Dr. Brown Exam II

1054

Shicism between Eastern and Western churches

1099

First Crusade captures Jerusalem

1450

Creation of the printing press

1517

Martin Luther/95 theses

1534

Act of Supremacy in England creates Anglican Church

Byzantine Church

the early Christian church in the Eastern Roman Empire of which the emperor was head

Coptic Church

Christian sect in Egypt, later tolerated after Islamic takeover

Syriac Church

Christian church using the Syriac language.

The Fall of Rome and Its Effect on the Western Church

Baptism and original sin

Baptism grants the life of Christ's grace, eases original sin and turns us back to God

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

Atonement Theory

Expresses that humankind is vicarious reconciled with God through the death and resurrection of Jesus

Mendicant Orders

religious orders which depend directly on charity for their livelihood

Mysticism

A form of religious belief and practice involving sudden insight and intense experiences of God

Hildegard of Bingen

Abbess of a religious house in Western Germany; one of first important women composesrs and contributor to Gregorian chant; had visions and was mystic and prophet to kings, popes, emperors, priests

Saints

people considered holy by followers of the Christian faith

Penance

atonement for sin

Purgatory

A state of final purification or cleansing, which one may need to enter following death and before entering Heaven

Indulgence

a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin

Relics

Bones or other objects connected with saint; considered worthy of worship by the faithful.

The Crusades

A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia

The Great Schism (1054)

The separation between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

Avignon Papacy

the period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome

Simony

the buying and selling of church offices and positions

Council of Constance

the council in 1414-1418 that succeeded in ending the Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church

Conciliarism

Belief that Church councils have greater authority than the pope

Fall of Constantinople

Finally overcome by the Ottoman turks in 1453 after constant attack by Germanic/European tribes, Persians and Muslims

Gutenberg Bible

the first full-sized book printed with movable type and a printing press

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)

Holy Roman Empire

An empire established in Europe in the 10th century A.D., originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy

Protestant Reformations

a religious movement that began as an effort to reform the Catholic Church

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

95 Theses

It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

preisthood of all believers

all members of the Protestant faith were considered priests. This belief came from the Bible, which states that all who spread the word of God are priests. Common to many forms of Protestantism, especially Zwinglianism. (Often times women were excluded from this, but not always)

John Calvin

1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.

Arminianism

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election.

Anabaptists

A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.

The Kingdom of Munster

historical Irish kingdom or the Anabaptist Kingdom of Münster

Catholic Eucharist

Transubstantiation-bread and wine BECOME the body and blood of Christ

Luther on the Eucharist

Real, physical presence with, in and under elements.

Christ- present everywhere- matter/spirit of God

not symbols

Zwingli Eucharist

believed that Christ's body and blood are in no way present in the Eucharist, claiming the Lord's Supper to be only a memorial of the Last Supper

Calvin Eucharist

Eucharist is just a symbol, not a divine action

Anglican Eucharist

Eucharist is rooted in the Last Supper, where Christians believe Jesus instituted the ritual of sharing bread and wine

When was Henry VIII born?

1491

When did Henry VIII die?

1547

What years did Henry VIII reign as King of England?

1509 to 1547

What led to Henry VIII's conflict with the pope?

His desire to annul his marriage

What significant religious change did Henry VIII initiate in England?

The establishment of the Church of England

In what year did Henry VIII establish the Church of England?

1532

What was the result of England's break with the Roman Catholic Church?

Embrace of Protestantism

Book of Common Prayer

the text containing recitations, prayers and prescribed orders of worship in the Episcopal Church

Mary Tudor

- daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558

- restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics

The Elizabethan Settlement

Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England but people were, in effect, allowed to worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately

Baptists

Dissenters of the Church of England; focused on the power of local churches; stresses following in example; each person interprets the Bible the way the Holy Spirit tells them how; emphasis on New Testament; no Church creeds. It was very simple and appealed to rural people

The Council of Trent

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

Jesuits in Ethiopia

unsuccessful mission in Ethiopia from the mid-16th to the mid-17th century, aiming to convert the Ethiopian Orthodox Church to Catholicism

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola

Kongo Christianity

Christianity was adopted by the Kingdom of Kongo in 1491, initially blending with traditional beliefs to create a unique Bakongo Christianity

Transatlantic Slave Trade

Trading of slaves from Africa to the Americas

Conquest of Latin America

In the late fifteenth century, Christopher Columbus and his Spanish crew stumbled across the Americas searching for a trade route to Asia.

Virgin of Guadalupe

Apparition of the Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism.

St. Thomas Christians

Christians in India who are descended from converts of St. Thomas the Apostle

Japanese Christianity

first introduced in 1549 by Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier. Banned for around 250 years

Matteo Ricci

Portuguese Jesuit missionary who went to China, assimilated into Chinese culture and language and ran a Christian mission in China.