Chapter 10 GI system

digestion

the process of carrying food through the body and breaking it into usable parts

what is the first step in the process of the GI system breaking down food and providing energy for the body?

digestion

what are the tree types of usable food fuel?

protein

fat

carbohydrates

what 2 divisions are the GI system broken into?

GI tract- one long tube

Accessory organs - organs helps with the digestive process. These organs project or secrete into the GI tract

Upper GI system

includes the structures from the mouth through the stomach

Lower GI system

includes the small and large intestines

what are the 3 purposes of the GI system?

digest food, absorb nutrients, and remove undigested material (waste) from the body

gustat/o

sense of taste

what are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?

parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

aliment/o

food/nourishment

deglutition

swallowing

epiglottis

a lid-like structure that seals the larynx when food is swallowed and directs food into the esophagus

or/o

mouth

stomat/o

mouth

stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth

apthous stomatitis

sores/ulcers of the mouth

dent/o

tooth

odont/o

tooth

odontalgia

tooth pain

gingiv/o

gum

gingivostomatitis

inflammation of the mouth and gums

the stomach secretes ____ onto food to break down the food into smaller parts

acid

chyme

partially digested food

gloss/o

tongue

lingu/o

tongue

glossopathy

disease of the tongue

hypoglossal

pertaining to below the tongue

sublingual

pertaining to below the tongue

esophag/o

esophagus

esophagus

flexible, muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

lined with mucosa that produces mucus

moves food toward the stomach via peristalsis

esophageal

pertaining to the esophagus

esophagitis

inflammation of the esophagus

gastr/o

stomach

what are the four areas of the stomach?

cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus

the gastric mucosa is arranged in thick, deep folds known as _____ which expand as the stomach fills with food

rugae

mucus (produced by the mucosa) protects the lining of the stomach from the _________ the stomach produces

acid

what organ performs the bulk of chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients?

the small intestine

what are the three parts of the small intestine?

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

what is the function of the large intestine?

to absorb excess water and compact the waste material

what are the parts of the large intestine?

ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, cecum, rectum, and anus

haustra

puckered pouches that allow organs to expand

what do the walls of the large intestine contain?

haustra

what is the longest part of the large intestine?

the colon

enter/o

intestine

gastroenterology

study of the stomach and intestines

dysentery

infection of the small intestine causing diarrhea and bleeding

duoden/o

duodenum

gastroduodenoscope

device to view the inside of the stomach and duodenum

duodenectomy

removal of the duodenum

jejun/o

jejunum

ile/o

ileum

col/o

colon

colon/o

colon

colorectal carcinoma

cancer of the colon and rectum

colitis

colon inflammation

colonoscopy

to view the inside of the colon

colonectomy

colon removal

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

sigmoidoscope

device to view the inside of the sigmoid colon

rect/o

rectum

an/o

anus

anal fistula

abnormal opening between the rectum and the exterior perianal skin

proct/o

anus and rectum

proctology

study of the anus and rectum

proctitis

inflammation of the anus and rectum

what lines the abdominopelvic cavity?

peritoneum

what does the peritoneum secrete?

peritoneal fluid

what is the function of peritoneal fluid?

to allow organs to slide past each other during the movements of digestion

omentum

the part of the peritoneum that extends into the center of the abdominopelvic cavity

what is the function of the omentum?

to support the stomach and cover/protect the small intestine

mesentery

the part of the peritoneum that extends to support the jejunum and ileum

where does the blood supply for the GI system come from?

the celiac trunk of the aorta (the largest artery in the body)

what are the supporting organs of the digestive system?

pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

what is the function of the pancreas in the digestive system?

secretes fluid with enzymes/chemicals that aid in the break down of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

where is the pancreas in relation to the stomach?

the pancreas is posterior to the stomach

what causes the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct-duodenum?

presence of food in the duodenum

what system (besides GI) is the pancreas a part of?

endocrine

enzyme

protein that speeds up chemical reactions

what is the largest solid organ in the body?

liver

where is the liver located?

upper right abdominal cavitiy

hepatocyte

liver cell

hepatocytes continuously produce bile with aids in the break down of ___

fat

where is bile stored?

the gallbladder

biliary tree

all of the ducts that carry bile

bili/o

gall; bile

what is the route of bile from the liver to the duodenum, the liver to the gallbladder?

hepatic ducts - common hepatic duct - common bile duct

hepatic ducts - common hepatic duct - cystic duct

what is the route of bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum?

cycstic duct - common bile duct

what is the function of the gallbladder?

to concentrate and store bile (produced in the liver)

what triggers the gallbladder to contract and send bile into the duodenum?

the presence of fatty chyme in the duodenum

sial/o

saliva

sialoadenitis

inflammation of the salivary gland

bil/i

bile

chol/e

bile

biligenesis

formation of bile

cholelith

gallstone

pyloric sphincter

junction between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum of the small intestine

what is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

to act as a valve to control the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine

lower esophageal sphincter

junction between the esophagus and the stomach

abdomin/o

absomen

celi/o

abdomen