World History Final

Includes topics such as the French Revolution, Nationalism, Industrial Revolution, Imperialism, and WW1

Old Regime

Old Regime

The name for the social structure (the three estates) during the French Revolution

Three Estates

The French political and social system (during French Revolution) which consisted of three social classes, with the top being clergy, middle being nobility, and bottom being peasants, bourgeoisie, and city workers.

Bourgeoisie

Lowest class within the Three Estates whom were heavily taxed by the upper estates even though they were the least wealthy.

sans-culottes

Parisian city workers who wanted more radical change . . . To get rid of monarchy!

King Louis XVI

King of France who put France into heavy debt (for spending a lot of money on military and other things) which upset the citizens of France since they thought he wasn’t a good leader who knew how to spend their money properly. He eventually got executed during the French Revolution when the citizens were upset with monarchy.

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France who was married to King Louis XVI. Nicknamed “Madame Deficit” for her over-spending habits. She essentially “helped put France into debt”. She was eventually executed once citizens turned against monarchy during the French Revolution.

Maximilien Robespierre

Lead the Jacobins (radical revolutionaries) and held a lot of power during the reign of power which was a period of time during the French Revolution, following the creation of the First Republic.

Reign of Terror

Robespierre held power after monarchy was taken down during French Rev. The goal during this time was to create a new society based in civic virtue and they killed any opposition or criticism of the new FR gov’t. They used violence to achieve goals.

Napoleon

Was a great military general of France, who eventually became first consul after monarchy was destroyed during French Rev. The citizens of France overwhelmingly supported his decisions which lead to him gaining much political power. He eventually became emperor of France, invented the Napoleonic Code, and tried to take over all of Europe through military force.

Napoleonic Code

A code invented by Napoleon which defined French laws. Positives: criminal & civil code codified, class privileges abolished, all men equal under the law, and religious freedom

Negatives: Women subservient to fathers & husbands (no property owning rights, no rights to children in divorce)

Slavery reintroduced in the colonies (led to revolution in Haiti)

Economic causes of French Revolution:

• Government Debt caused by monarchy

• Third estate was heavily taxed while other estates weren’t (wanted tax reform)

• Poor harvest in 1788- led to famine

Social causes of French Revolution:

• Bourgeoisie were educated from enlightenment and wanted to implement those ideals

• Lower class wanted equality, liberty, reason

Political causes of French Revolution:

• Bourgeoisie wanted political power

• Citizens were upset with Monarchical government/decisions

Tennis Court Oath

3rd Estate, along with a few members of clergy and noblemen, pledged themselves to goal of creating a constitution (limited gov’t!!!) for France.

Storming of the Bastille:

Marks the start of French Rev. People broke into prison to arm themselves for the French revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man:

goals/purpose of French Rev. Used ideals from the Enlightenment such as freedom and equality. Also valued “Liberty, equality & fraternity”

Napoleon’s weaknesses:

People were against French rule and did not want to be taken over by France so everyone was against them and they had essentially no allies.

Ways Napoleon promoted French Revolution:

• promoted public education

• created fairer tax laws

• ended serfdom

• created uniform code of law

• religious toleration

Long lasting affects of French Revolution:

Liberalism: (comes from enlightenment ideals) and purpose was to reform society and give people more rights and freedoms after revolution

Nationalism: people felt more nationalistic for their own countries since they didn’t want to be taken over by Napoleon/French reign.

Klemens von Metternich

The King of Austria and the most influential member within the Congress of Vienna. He highly distrusted the democratic ideals of the French Revolution. He wanted to undo liberal ideals.

balance of power

The checking of power so that not one singular country could become a threat/more powerful than the others. This made it impossible for any country to overthrow another without consequences.

legitimacy

If rulers were driven from their throne (by Napoleon during the French Rev) they were entitled to having their power restored after the fact. This was done in hopes that the former monarchs would stabilize political relations among nations. This concept fell on the conservative (traditional) spectrum.

Conservatism

Goals were to preserve traditional ways of doing things and to keep order and stability. Was popular among upper classes. Fought against the ideas of the Enlightenment.

liberalism

Stressed individual freedom, equality, and the belief of progress (that society could improve through reforms). The ideology came from the Enlightenment. Was popular among the rising middle class.

nationalism

Strong feelings of patriotism for a homeland. Usually connected by a common religion, set of traditions, history, or values. Many people began urging for self determination, for example independence & self rule. It can either work to unify people or divide them (ex. it can create a us vs. them mentality). It fueled efforts to build nation-states. Nationalists were loyal to the people, not a king usually. Nationalism could be expressed through either conservative or liberal ideas, it was not just one or the other.

radicalism

Stressed liberty and equality. Grew from ideas from the Enlightenment period and the radical phase of the French Revolution (during the time of the National Convention). Popular among industrial workers (lower class).

Schleswig & Holstein

Two areas that were gained after Prussia and Austria formed an alliance in 1864 and attacked Denmark and took over Schleswig and Holstein. Prussia and Austria however had trouble deciding who would take ownership of which area.

Alsace & Lorraine

In 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War, peace with France helps them gain reparations and these border provinces.

Russification

Forcing all ethnically diverse people within the Russian Empire to stip themselves of one’s ethnic culture so that they can all have a unified singular culture within Russia. (Forced Russian culture on all ethnic groups)

Hapsburgs

The ruling family of Austria; they came from German descent.

Romanovs

the ruling family of the Russian Empire.

Pogrom

An organized massacre of a particular ethnic group; created to achieve unity within the Russian Empire. State orchestrated attacks on Jewish people within Russia because of their difference in culture.

Congress of Vienna

A group of main European heads of government (the main four being Czar Alexander 1st from Russia, King William III from Prussia, Klemens von Metternich from Austria, and Castlereagh from Great Britan; France was technically also a main power within the Congress of Vienna as well, but it was not as included as the others since it had great power due to the French Revolution) that had a goal of maintaining long lasting peace and stability within Europe after the defeat of Napoleon. This group maintained peace by balancing one another’s power so that not one in particular could become more powerful than the others. They also strived to regain control and return to monarchical governments, previous to the French Revolution reforms. Essentially, trying to return to conservative ideas.

How nationalism both created and destroyed nations:

Created: Brought people with commonalities (ex. religion, culture, ethnicity, etc) together in unification

Destroyed: Caused people who were unalike to essentially ‘segregate’ from one another and became extremely divided. Example: Pogroms were organized in Russia to attack Jewish people due to their difference in culture.

Otto von Bismark

Bismark became prime minister of Prussia under the rule of William I in 1862. Bismark was a junker and a realpolitik (meaning he had many conservative ideals). He declared himself (with the king’s approval) able to rule without the consent of parliament, going against Prussia’s constitution at the time. Bismark started a lot of wars for Prussia against many other countries at the time (Franco-Prussian War, Seven Weeks war).

Realpolitik

The politics of reality; used to describe tough power politics with no room for ideals, basically desiring results without the consideration of ethics. (Ex. Bismark was a Realpolitik)

German Wars of Unification:

Denmark

• PR & AUS declared war v. Denmark over Danish claims to provinces of Schleswig & Holstein

• Denmark easily defeated; AUS & PR disagreed over governance of Schleswig & Holstein

• Seven Weeks War v. Austria, 1866

  • PR defeated AUS

  • Formed North German Confederation

  • Cementing PR dominance of German peoples

Camillo di Cavour

In 1852, he became prime minister of Italy and worked to expand Piedmont-Sardinia’s (a large Italian State’s) power. In 1858, Napoleon III agreed to help Cavour drive Austria out of Northern Italy, together they easily took over all of Italy with Napoleon III’s help with just 2 battles. Cavour was a crucial part of uniting Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

In 1860, a small army of Italian Nationalists (the red shirts) led by soldier, Giuseppe Garibaldi, captured Sicily. Garibaldi agreed to unite the Southern areas of Italy and soon took over Piedmont-Sardinia, he however allowed king Victor Emanuel II to rule in March 1861, stepping down from his leadership. He helped unite Italy.

Laissez Faire

‘Hands off’ government!

urbanization

People moving in large masses from rural areas to cities.

Proletariat

member of the working class

Labor unions

Worked to change..

• Length of workday

• Wages Health & safety concerns

• Benefits / compensation

• Child labor

Socialism

collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and equal distribution of goods/wealth

Suffrage

the right to vote

Agricultural Revolution

Advances in agricultural technology caused there to be a food surplus which also caused the British population to improve

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Great Britain?

Because they had access to…

1. Labor force

2. Natural resources – i.e. coal & iron ore, rivers, harbor, plus colonies!

3. Investment capital (growth of middle class entrepreneurs)

4. Markets – empire & increased demand

5. Gov’t support & stability

Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith

valued capitalism, private ownership, competition, profit, and free market.

Principle of Population by Thomas Malthus

expressed the idea that people should stop helping the poor (since they should reduce the poor population) and wanted to stop feeding the poor.

Jeremy Bentham and Utilitarianism

Emphasized greatest good for the greatest number

Robert Owen

Created Industrial Empire (good Capitalist) and set a standard that you could make a profit while still treating workers humanely

Emmeline Pankhurst

Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) leader, fought for women’s suffrage (right to vote for women)

Charles Darwin On the Origin Of Species

Created the theory of evolution and natural selection (species that have most adapted to their environment survive or “Survival of the fittest”)

Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx

Went against capitalism, and rather than reforming the capitalist system, wanted to overthrow it. It also created the idea of Communism which was a form of complete socialism in which all property and means of production were owned by the people & shared equally.

Goal of Communism

to overthrow capitalism and instead share all property and means of production equally by the people in society. It was an extreme form of socialism.

Louis Pasteur

discovered bacteria in fermentation process, which led him to discover that heat could kill germs (pasteurization process) (GERM THEORY OF DISEASE)

Joseph Lister

encouraged sterilization of surgical wards to prevent bacteria growth & disease (GERM THEORY OF DISEASE)

Henry Ford

Came up with system of interchangeable parts & cars were built on an assembly line , this allowed things (such as cars) to be produced faster and cheaper.

Wright Brothers

invented the airplane

Marie Curie

discovered that some atoms release powerful charges and that atoms are not solid, but instead they can be divided (RADIOACTIVITY)

Alexander Graham Bell

inventor of the telephone

Thomas Edison

inventor of the light bulb

Sigmund Freud

Inventor of “Talk Therapy”

• pioneered a new social science, psychology

• Maintained that the human subconscious is active on our conscious mind

  • Studied the dream world & the subconscious fears, desires of individuals

Working and living conditions impacted by industrialization:

Things and technology became cheaper/more accessible, machines started taking over the jobs of humans

Social Darwinism

• Westerners applied Charles Darwin’s ideas about natural selection & survival of the fittest to society

• Social Darwinists claimed white, European racial superiority

Hindus

people who follow the religious belief of Hinduism (note that they view certain forms of meat as sacred)

Muslims

followers of Islam (note that they view pork as a forbidden food/sacred)

Economic Dependence

Colonies had little economic independence from their mother countries and had no choice but to depend on their mother country for the economy.

geopolitics

politics, especially international relations, as influenced by geographical factors.

colony

a land controlled by another nations

protectorate

Local rulers left in place with the understanding that they would defer to mother country in foreign affairs & economy

• Did not require as much military & financial commitment

Direct vs Indirect Rule

• Direct Rule (French model) – all ruling officials from France; imposed French culture in colonies; essentially wanted to create French provinces of area

• Indirect Rule (British model) – created ruling class within colony by using locals to govern & educating these elite in England

Sphere of Influence

• An area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment and/or trading privileges

  • Ex. Open Door Policy in China (Europeans & Americans in China)

  • Monroe Doctrine & Roosevelt Corollary (U.S. in Latin America)

Causes of Imperialism

EMPIRES

Exploratory - Industrial Revolution enabled Europeans to travel to places previously unreachable

Military Interests

• Needed naval bases around world

• National security & prestige of possessing colonies

Political

• Nationalism encouraged quest for empire

• Balance of power issue – competing with rival nation states

Ideological - desire to spread western values (philosophies, habits, laws, values)

• “civilizing” mission - referred to as “the White Man’s Burden”

Religious - spread Christianity

Economic Interests

• Industrial Revolution created need for resources & markets and also stimulated venture capital to fund missions

  • Industrial Revolution also empowered & enabled Europeans to conquest parts of the globe previously unreachable (new weapons, medicines & forms of transportation)

Social Darwinism

• Westerners applied Charles Darwin’s ideas about natural selection & survival of the fittest to society

• Social Darwinists claimed white, European racial superiority

Sepoy Rebellion

Sepoys (Indian soldiers employed by the British East Indian Company) were upset that their gun cartridges were greased with animal fat (since they needed to bite the cartridges) and it went against their religious beliefs (since India consisted predominately of Hindus and Muslims who viewed pork and beef as sacred)

Indian National Congress & Muslim League

organizations that protested for the rights against British rule, they tried to gain independence for India

Positives and Negatives of Imperialism

arms race

military build up among great powers that increased tension

Kaiser Wilhelm II

German ruler during WW1

Militarism*

War was looked at as a ‘good thing’ where men would go and prove themselves. It gave people and eagerness to go to war.

Causes of WW1

MANIA

Militarism- War was looked at as a ‘good thing’ where men would go and prove themselves. It gave people and eagerness to go to war.

Alliance Systems- Alliance system reinforced feelings of anxiety, fear & distrust; “us v. them” mentality

Nationalism- France bitter about their loss to Germany in the Franco-Prussian War; Balkan Peninsula saw surge of nationalism in the wake of the decline of old empires (Hapsburgs & Ottomans)

Imperialism / Rivalries- Competition for the largest, wealthiest empires fueled tension and conflict, deepening rivalries

Assasination (immediate spark)- Serbia dissatisfied over the fact that Austria-Hungary controlled Bosnia, where many ethnic Serbs lived

• Bosnians, supported by the Serbian terrorist group known as Black Hand, plotted death of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to AH throne)

• June 28, 1914 Gavrilo Princip shot Franz Ferdinand & wife Sophie while they were visiting Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia)

Stalemate

no progress in war from either side

total war

everyone is involved in war, even citizens

armistice

the agreement to stop fighting (not a surrender)

14 Points

Peace Keeping Organization (League of Nations) and particularly emphasized points by Woodrow Wilson were, Freedom of the Seas, Free trade, self determination, no secret treaties, and demilitarization/arm reduction

Paris Peace Conference

A meeting of all the Nations who fought in WW1 after WW1 which tried to make amends after the war

Impact of new technology in WW1

Deadlier weapons= more deaths

Trench Warfare Impacts

• Shell Shock

• Unsanitary environment

• Rats

• Cold and wet

• dead bodies everywhere

Reasons for American involvement in WW1

Unrestricted submarine Warfare:

• Germany used submarines to attack cargo ships which happened to host American citizens, this angered the U.S.

Zimmerman Note:

• German minister (Zimmerman) wrote to Mexico that they would help them gain territory back from the U.S. if they helped them in WW1, this was intercepted by the U.S. which further angered them.

Treaty of Brest Litovsk

Treaty that ended Russian involvement in WW1 (they ended before their allies)

Geographic changes in Europe after WW1

• gain of new smaller countries

• Large countries lost land

Peace conditions/punishments for Germany (article 231)

They humiliated Germans by blaming WW1 entirely on them.

• GER lost territory and colonial possessions, reparations, war guilt, and military reduction

Map

Identify the following places, France, Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Denmark, Austria, Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Egypt, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania, Somalia, India, China, Vietnam, Philippines.