PSY EXAM #3

PSY 1010 101: Chapters 6, 9, & 10

Memory of your first day of college is an example of _____ memory.

Explicit

Explicit Memory

Declarative, something you go into your mind and look for.

Episodic Memory

Episodes, events, filled with images.

Semantic Memory

Facts and information.

Implicit Memory

Non-declarative, unconsciously, enabling skills, habits, and conditioned responses without conscious awareness.

Procedural Memory

Driving, unlocking your door, & taking medication.

Primary Memories

The area of thought then gravitates towards connecting to it.

A cognitive psychologist asks participants to imagine that they are stranded deep in the southeastern wetlands of the United States. The psychologist gives participants a list of words to remember while they are engaged in this imagination task. Later, the psychologist tests participants' recall. What word would participants be most likely to remember?

Snake

_____ encoding is the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory.

Semantic

Research has shown that painful memories can be disrupted during:

Reconsolidation

James was involved in a car accident 3 years ago. He recently saw a man he thought was in the same accident, but when he approached him, the man had no idea what James was talking about. It turned out that the man was working at a coffee shop that James had visited on the day of the accident and was in no way involved in the car accident. James's confusion was the result of:

Misattribution

Damage to the hippocampus can result in the inability to remember things that have happened since the damage occurred. This is called:

Anterograde Amnesia

A fast-decaying store of auditory information is referred to as _____ memory.

Echoic

An elementary school class took a spelling test immediately after learning how to bake a cake. The teacher noticed that many of the students spelled the word flour correctly instead of flower, as she had expected. This scenario illustrates:

Priming

Susan's mom called her on her cell phone and asked her to pick up eight items from the grocery store on her way home from work. As Susan was on a bus and didn't have a pen and paper, she had to memorize the items. She grouped them into categories of food, drinks, and home supplies, thereby making use of _____ encoding.

Organizational

The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections is called:

Suggestibility

Which psychologist proposed the existence of general intelligence (g)?

Charles Spearman

Suppose that sports fans in the United States are given a list of names of all the medal winners in the last Olympics. After a few minutes of study, the fans are asked to estimate the percentage of medals won by the United States. The fans probably will _____ this number due to the _____.

Overestimate; availability bias

_____ is the process that allows children to learn words rapidly by joining a word with a concept after being exposed to it only once.

Fast Mapping

The smallest meaningful units of language are known as:

Morphemes

The _____ refers to the fact that the average IQ score is about 30 points _____ than it was a century ago.

Flynn effect; higher

People with damage to Wernicke's area can:

Use correct syntax

Simon and Binet developed the IQ test as a:

Measure of a child’s aptitude for learning

The behaviorist approach to language development suggests that _____ plays a key role in learning words and grammar, whereas nativists claim that language is _____ predetermined.

Reinforcement; biologically.

According to research, damage to _____ is associated with risky decision making and insensitivity to the future consequences of behavior.

The prefrontal lobe

If you have never seen a chihuahua but have seen somewhat similar types of dog breeds such as rat terriers and miniature pinschers, which would BEST predict your ability to correctly identify a Chihuahua as a "dog"?

Exemplar theory

Phonems

Smallest unit of sound (a-ng-g-r-y)

• English has about 40-50

• About 869 have been identified

Milestones of language: 8 Months

Responds to name, cries, and babbles

Milestones of language: 12 Months

Uses one-word expressions to convey meaning (“up” to be picked up), mimics words and responds to gestures, testing language, and overextension.

Milestones of Language: 18 Months

Uses two-word expression, “we go” and “want toy.”

Milestones of Language: 2-3 Years

Short sentences, vocabulary excels, matches objects to names, and follows instructions.

Milestones of Language 4-5 Years

Uses proper simple grammar; memorizes simple songs, uses full sentences, and enjoys puns and other word jokes.

Operant Conditioning

Language is verbal behavior that is shaped by reinforcements and punishments.

Operational Learning

Language is a social interaction that we observe and mimic in others.

Concepts

A mental representation of the shared features of people, objects, or events

Heuristics (Kanneman & Tversky)

Mental shortcuts (Decision ruler and mental algorithms)

Availability Heuristic

Assume something is more likely based on how easy it is to think of an example of it

Representative Heuristic

Assuming something is more likely because it seems like it’s representative of a prototypical example.

Alfred Binet

First formal IQ test for educational purposes

What influences intelligence?

Genetics (Nature)

• Correlations with parents and siblings

• Twin studies

Environment (Nuture)

• Reading, games/play, creativity, & school

Prenatal Development

• Conception — Egg & Sperm = Zygote

• Germinal Period — First two weeks

• Embryonic Period — 2-8 weeks

• Fetal Period — 2 mos. to birth

Teratogens

Substances that cause birth defects

• Drugs & alcohol

• Medications

• Diseases

Critical period

The period of prenatal development when a particular structure is forming and is unable to respond to testosterone.

Motor Skills

• Raises hand while lying on stomach — 1 Month

• Rolls over on own — 2-4 Months

• Sits with support/sits independently — 3-8 Months

• Crawl — 7-12 Months

• Stands with support and pulls self-up — 5-10 Months

• Walks with support/walks independently — 8-14 Months

Secure Attachment

Attentive, good bond (happy to see mother)

Ambivalent Attachment

Semi-attentive, small, inconsistent bond (happy but also mad to see mother)

Avoidant Attachment

Not attentive, bad bond (does not care)

Disorganized-Disoriented Attachment

Abused, new caregiver (scared of where they went and or if they will come back)

Jean Piaget

Children construct mental models of the world around them, and they learn from their mistakes.

1st Stage: Sensorimotor Stage

• Birth — 2 years (?)

• Object permanence (6-7 Months) — Ability to understand that objects exist, even when not in view.

2nd Stage: Pre-Operational Stage

• Reversal-Ability to work problems forwards and backwards.

• Ego-Centrism — Ability to take perspectives from others.

• Conservation — The ability to understand that some properties of objects remain the same even when other properties change.

3rd Stage: Concrete Operational Stage

• 7 to 11

• Children think concretely about objects and problems, but do not have abstract reasoning.

• 2a+b=c

4th Stage: Formal Operational Stage

• 12 to young adult

• Deductive reasoning

  • General to specific

• Inductive reasoning

  • Specific to general

• Systematic Problem Solving

  • Hypothesis Testing

Preconventional

Concerned with rewards and punishments (age 9)

Conventional

Concerned with social norms and rules (age 10-15)

Postconventional

Concerned with higher moral principles (16-young adult)

The theories of Lev Vygotsky emphasized the role played by _____ in cognitive development.

genetic predisposition

mental representation

social interaction

concrete objects

Once a zygote has implanted itself on the uterine wall, it signifies the end of the _____ stage of development and the beginning of the _____ stage.

germinal; embryonic

germinal; fetal

embryonic; fetal

embryonic; germinal

Sex education during adolescence:

increases the number of sexual partners teenagers have.

decreases the number of teenage pregnancies.

is ineffective at reducing the spread of sexually transmitted infections among teenagers.

often results in teenagers having sex for the first time at earlier ages.

Ricky will not pull Amber's hair, even though he wants to do so, because he is afraid that Amber will get him into trouble for it. According to Kohlberg, Ricky probably is in the _____ stage of moral development.

relativistic

preconventional

conventional

prescriptive

Joseph was born with fetal alcohol syndrome. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of this disorder?

a thin upper lip

large eye openings

a flat midface

an underdeveloped jaw

Applying schemas to novel situations is to _____ as revising schemas based on new information is to _____.

assimilation; accommodation

myelination; habituation

habituation; assimilation

accommodation; assimilation

Which statement about the relationship between age and information acquisition is true?

Older adults are largely oriented toward the acquisition of information that will be useful to them in the future.

Older adults are generally oriented toward information that brings emotional satisfaction in the present.

Older adults are more likely to remember negative information than positive information.

Younger adults are largely orientated toward information that is likely to bring them emotional satisfaction in their daily life.

The tendency of motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet is called the _____ rule

motor

cognitive

proximodistal

cephalocaudal

When presented with two identical balls of clay, Iona says that the two balls still contain the same amount of clay, even when one is rolled out into a snake or flattened into a pancake. Iona is likely in which stage of cognitive development?

sensorimotor

formal motor

preoperational

concrete operational

_____ is the failure to understand that the world appears different to different people.

Accommodation

Assimilation

Egocentrism

Conservation