Geography EOY revision Wednesday

What are current global issues

• global warming

• world hunger

• war

• natural disasters

• poverty

• pollution

• migration

• lack of education

What are the 4 types of poverty and what do they mean

Absolute poverty-when household income is so low that it is impossible to meet basic needs of life

systemic poverty- caused by inequality or discrimination

Relative poverty- when a household income receives 50% less than average household income. They can only afford the basic needs of life.

Situational poverty- Generally caused by a sudden crisis or loss and is often temporary.

What is the maximum sustainable yield

The maximum level at which a natural resource can be routinely taken without permanent long-term loss

What are some features of a sustainable city

• More bike usage

• environmental education

• waste converted to clean energy

• renewable energy usage

• carbon neutral

• urban greening

• organic food consumption

• taxing polluting cars

What is malnutrition

Lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one eats.

What is starvation

Suffering or death caused by lack of food

What is famine

Extreme scarcity of food

Obesity

Being grossly fat or overweight

Mechanisation

Introducing machines or automatic devices into a process.

Commercial farming

This occurs when a farm is set up for the sole purpose of producing crops and farm animals for sale, with the intention of making profit

What is subsistence farming

The practice of growing crops and raising live stock sufficient only for one’s own use.

What is undernourishment

The percentage of the population who are undernourished

Child wasting

The proportion of children under 5 who have low weight for their height

Child stunting

The proportion of children under 5 who are shirt fir their age

Child mortality

The death rate of children under 5

What is the global food security index

A measurement that combines 28 different indicators looking at the core issues related to food. It uses this to categorise countries.

What is GNI per capita

all of the money a country makes, divided by the population. Takes into account the cost of living

What is the average daily calorie consumption

total calorie consumption of a country divided by the population.

What was Malthus’ theory about future food problems

Thomas Malthus argued that population will always increase at a faster rate than food supply. This would eventually lead to famine and starvation. He believed that population increases at a geometric rate(1,2,4,8,16), and that food supply only increases at an arithmetic rate(1,2,3,4,5).

What was Boserup’s theory

She argued that when population growth begins to approach the limits of food production, it creates an incentive for people to invent new technology and better farming methods. These improvements allow more food to be produced and population growth can continue.

What 2 things did Tanzania do to improve food security(in detail)

1. Goat aid- bottom up development strategy

   In the Babati district in northern Tanzania, a UK based charity called farm Africa ran the scheme between 1999 and 2006. 500 Toggenburg goats were imported to the region. The goats were given to families in the area to help them. They produced up to 3L of milk per day and the poo could be used as fertilizer. The locals were trained on how to look after the goats. Farmers had to pay back the £400 that the goat cost. The goats did produce need lots of water though.

2. Tanzania-Canada wheat programme- Top-down development strategy

   After 1975 the president of Tanzania asked Canada for help. Canada donated 95 million dollars to Tanzania to help there farming industry. The Hanang district was developed for farming and 26400 hectares was covered. Tanzania’s wheat production went from nearly zero to over 50,000 tonnes in just over 25 years. It provided about 60% of Tanzania’s wheat. Road, rail, and electricity connections were improved during the project to make transporting the wheat easer.

What is a bottom up development strategy

project that is funded by a non government organisation

What is a top down development strategy

Project that is funded and carried out by governments

What us SAGCOT and how did it help Tanzania

SAGCOT is the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania. The growth corridor is a strip of very fertile land that stretches from east to west and is connected to the port at dar es salaam. The government is investing money to create 6 key clusters of farming land with better connections to world markets. It supplied job opportunities and improved food security.

What are ecosystems

Natural ecosystems are found all around the world. These are known as biomes and they include natural flora(plants) and fauna(animals). They have no human interference. In many places ecosystems are being destroyed.

Name the 9 main ecosystems

• oceans

• wetlands

• temperate forests

• tropical rainforests

• mountains

• grasslands

• deserts

• polar region

• coral reef

what is interdependance

the idea that all species depend on one another in some way

What does biotic mean

living

What does abiotic mean

not living

What are producers and consumers in an ecosystem

Producers are plants because they harness the suns energy. Animals are consumers because they eat the plants.

What is the rainforest like in the following aspects

• temperature

• rainfall

• plants

• animals

• Temperature-hot all year (25-30 degrees)

• rainfall- very high 2500+mm/year

• Plants- tall trees form a canopy

• Animals- Birds, reptiles, insects and mammals

What is the nutrients cycle

The transfer of nutrients between 3 different stores in an ecosystem

• litter

• biomass

• soil

What is different about the nutrients cycle in a rainforest

The vast majority of nutrients is in biomass with a small amount in litter and an even smaller amount in the soil.

What is leaching

The loss of water-soluble plant nutrients from the soil, duo to rain and irrigation.

Why do rainforests struggle after deforestation

because most of the nutrients are in the biomass store.

How does the hydrological cycle in a rainforest work

Water droplets intercepted by vegetation evaporate. Air rises and cools to form clouds.

Why does the soil lack nutrients in a rainforest

It is quickly taken up by the trees.

What is a latosol

iron rich nutrient poor soil.

What are the 5 layers in a rainforest

Herb layer

immature layer

understory

canopy

emergent layer

give goods and services of a rainforest

wood

deforested for farming space

rubber tapping

medicinal plants

rainforests act like huge water filters to purify water before people drink it

they help to cool the climate

gives us lots of foods such as bananas and coffee

rivers used for hydroelectric power

Which polar region is which

The northern polar region is called the Arctic. The arctic is a huge ocean surrounded by land(most of it is frozen). In winter, the ocean is covered by sea ice but in summer temperatures rise and some of the ice melts. The southern polar region is called the Antarctic. This ice-covered continent is larger than the united states. Even in the summer, it rarely gets above freezing. Although it is dry, cold, and very windy, scientists live here and tourists visit.

Where do penguins live

Antarctica

What is an ice sheet

Thick layer of ice moves slowly down hill like a glacier

What is sea ice

Formed in winter when low temperatures freeze water on the surface

What is the soil like in the arctic

In the parts of the arctic where there is actually soil, it is often thin and poor quality. Very few nutrients enter the soil. Permafrost is the part of the ground that is permanently frozen.

What is the active layer

The top layer of soil that thaws in winter.

What is a tundra

Treeless regions found in the arctic and on the tops of mountains, where the climate is cold and windy, and rainfall is rare.

What are the 3 types of countries based on development

Advanced countries(AC’s)

Emerging and developing countries(EDC’s)

Low-income developing countries(LIDC’s)

What 3 factors make up HDI

• Wealth-Measure and GNI/capita

• Health-Measured by life expectancy

• Education-measured by educational attainment