Praxis: Cognitive Comm Disorders, Aphasia, Dysarthria

focal damage

causes specific symptoms

diffused damage

causes different symptoms

true

Damage in the white or gray matter causes specific symptoms.

heterogenous

different

true

Someone with a TBI has frequent PT and OT issues.

severity, recovery

There is a significant variety in ___________ and ___________ from traumatic brain injury.

type, amount, location

Symptoms are determined by ________ of damage, __________ of damage, and ____________ of damage.

true

Every time you have a brain injury, you are at risk for having more communication difficulties associated with it.

true

We typically see younger patients with TBIs.

falling
automobile accidents
penetrating wounds
blows to the head

Name 4 common causes of brain trauma.

penetrating wounds

wounds entering the interior of an organ or cavity (typical with combat)

epidemiology

branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people

primary damage

occurs at the moment of initial trauma

skull fracture

breaking a bone of the skull

open-head injury

Injury to the head often caused by a penetrating object in which there may be bleeding and exposed brain tissue

closed-head injury

Injury in which the brain has been injured but the skin has not been broken and there is no obvious bleeding.

acceleration injury

caused by an external force contacting the head, suddenly placing the head in motion

movement, skull

In acceleration/deceleration injuries, ______________ of the brain in the ________ is what causes injury.

deceleration injury

occurs when the moving head is suddenly stopped or hits a stationary object

deceleration injury

Car accidents are related to a _______ _______.

movement of the brain

What causes damage in acceleration/deceleration injuries?

widespread, unrestrained

Acceleration/deceleration injuries cause _______ damage due to an ______________ head.

non-acceleration injuries

restrained head is struck by moving object

localized (focal), skull deformities

Non-acceleration injuries causes ___________ damage caused by _______ _______.

swallowing

Angular acceleration injuries may cause ___________ issues.

angular acceleration

rotation of the brain

impression trauma

the skull deforms at point of impact

impression trauma

deformity in the meninges/site of damage caused by a rapid blow

impression trauma

causes a negative pressure rebound

negative pressure rebound

do some research on this

localized

Impression trauma is ___________.

ellipsoidal damage

brain tissues moves out from the center, slow object, large area

elliposoidal damage

Which type of damage causes stretching and tearing of central structures such as the basal ganglia and damage to cranial nerves?

stretching, basal ganglia, cranial nerves

Elliposoidal damage causes __________ and tearing of central structures such as the ______ _______ and damage to _______ _______.

slow processing
swallowing issues
cranial nerve dysfunction

Name three problems in people with
elliposoidal damage.

low velocity
high velocity

What are the two types of open-head injuries?

low velocity injury

skull fracture, debris, substantial damage

high velocity injury

projectile injury (gunshot, bomb blast, stabbing) causing destruction around projectile path

linear

in a straight line

veins

Subdural injuries cause damage to the ________.

subdural

Which type of injuries cause damage to the brain?

true

Control of hemorrhage is needed to minimize damage to the brain.

control it

What do you need to do to a hemorrhage in order to minimize damage?

secondary damage

What type of damage does hemorrhaging cause?

decreased

Intracranial pressure needs to be __________ in order to minimize damage to the patient.

skull

When the brain swells, it can come into contact with the _____ causing additional damage to the brain.

decrease

Medications and coma induction can _________ intracranial pressure.

type, amount, location

Symptoms of traumatic brain injuries are determined by the _____ of injury, ______ of injury, and the _______ of injury.

Falls
Automobile accidents
Penetrating wounds

Blows to head

Name 4 common causes of brain injuries.

primary damage

occurs at moment of initial trauma

skull fracture

breaking a bone of the skull

contusion

bruising or bleed in the brain with possible
hematomas

hematomas

blood clots in meninges or in cortical/subcortical structures

concussions

low velocity, functional deficits, no detectable pathological changes

lacerations

tears in brain tissue or blood vessels

diffuse axonal injury

shearing or tearing of nerve fibers
in the white matter

open-head injury (perforating)

injuries in which the skull is fractured or perforated and the meninges are torn

closed-head injuries

injuries in which the skulls and meninges are intact

closed-head injuries

usually caused by falls or MVAs

true

Socioeconomic status is related to the incidence of TBI. So is living in a high-population density area since the prevalence of assaults is higher.

true

History of traumatic brain injury increases the probability of additional brain injuries.

acceleration/deacceleration, non-accelaeration

What are the two types of closed-head injuries?

true

Non-acceleration injuries are usually cause less severe brain damage than acceleration injuries.

deformation, skull

The primary consequence of non-acceleration injuries are related to ____________ of the _______ caused by the impact of an object.

impression trauma

inward deformity of the skull caused by the impact of an object striking it in a non-acceleration injury

ellipsoidal malformation

oval shape of skull → circular shape of skull

caused by increased volume in the skull

carotid arteries, cranial nerves

Fractures at the base of the skull are more dangerous because they may danger __________ _______ or the ________ ____________.

linear acceleration

occurs when the head is stuck by a force aligned with the center axis of the head

coup injuries

a type of traumatic brain injury that occur at the site of impact when an object strikes the head, causing the brain to collide with the inside of the skull

often characterized by localized damage to the brain tissue directly beneath the site of impact

contrecoup injuries

injuries that occur on the opposite side of the brain from where the initial impact (coup) occurred

ellipsoidal damage

caused by blunt force applied to a large area on a restrained head

focal

Coup and contrecoup injuries cause _______ damage to the meninges and brain tissue.

translational trauma

The combination of coup and contrecoup injuries is called __________ ____________.

translational trauma

occurs with linear acceleration and deacceleration of the head

angular acceleration

caused by blows that strikes the head-off center causing it to rotate and move at an angle away from the point impact but the brain’s inertia keeps it at rest when the head begins to move

angular acceleration

caused by blunt force trauma applied at an angle to the central axis of an unrestrained head

angular acceleration

refers to the rotational forces experienced by the brain when the head undergoes sudden acceleration, deceleration, or rotational movement as a result from events such as falls, vehicle accidents, or sports-related impact leading to a range of cognitive, physical, and neurological symptoms

rotate, shearing, stretching

When the head experiences rapid angular acceleration or deceleration, the brain may _____ within the skull, causing ______ forces and ________ of brain tissue.

angular acceleration

causes rotation within the skull resulting in shearing and stretching of brain tissue

diffuse axonal injury (DAI)

What is a major consequence of angular acceleration?

diffuse axonal injury (DAI)

involves damage to the brain's nerve fibers

axial structures

Rotational acceleration causes twisting forces in _______ ______. (basal ganglia, brain stem, cerebellum)

diffused axonal injury

a type of brain injury caused by the shearing (tearing) of nerve fibers in the brain

true

Angular acceleration can cause cranial nerve trauma.

diffused

Which type of damage does angular acceleration cause?

impression trauma

causes negative pressure rebound

ellipsoidal deformation

brain tissue moves out from the
center

low velocity, high velocity

What are the two open head injuries?

epidural and subdural

What are the two types of extracerebral hemorrhages?

intracerebral

Diffused axonal injuries are an example of an _________ injury.

intracerebral

refers to anything that happens inside the brain tissue itself

extracerebral

refers to anything that happens outside the brain tissue but within the skull

hemorrhage

a term for bleeding

hematoma

accumulation of blood (bruising)

true

Automobile accidents are the most common cause of epidural hematomas.

true

Secondary damage is more devastating than primary damage.

cerebral edema

fluid accumulation between the brain and the skull, in the ventricles, or the brain tissue causing tissues to swell

cerebral edema

almost always develops around the primary site of damage and is a common consequence of diffuse injuries

intracranial pressure

Cerebral edema is a common cause of increased _____________ __________.

intracranial pressure

an accumulation of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and water which causes compression of brain tissue and displacement