PSYCH202 - Chp. 12: Personality and the Self

According to Freud, which statement best captures the functional relationship among the id, ego, and superego?

The id seeks immediate gratification, the ego mediates between instinct and morality, and the superego internalizes societal norms.

In Freud’s topographical model, which level of consciousness contains material that is not currently in awareness but can be easily retrieved?

Preconscious

Which of the following is only accessible through indirect means such as dreams or slips of the tongue, according to Freud?

Unconscious

What is the primary function of a defense mechanism in Freud’s theory?

To protect the ego from anxiety by distorting reality

A student who is angry with their instructor comes home and yells at their sibling instead. Which defense mechanism is this an example of?

Displacement

A person who refuses to acknowledge a serious medical diagnosis is exhibiting which defense mechanism?

Denial

In Freud’s psychosexual stages, fixation at the anal stage is most likely to produce which adult personality pattern?

Compulsive neatness or extreme messiness

A "Freudian slip" is best defined as:

A verbal or behavioral mistake that reflects unconscious wishes

Which concept from Freud’s work is most widely supported in contemporary psychology?

The existence of unconscious mental processes

Which Freudian idea is least accepted in modern scientific psychology?

Personality develops through fixed psychosexual stages

Which statement best describes how neo-Freudians differed from Freud?

They emphasized social relationships and culture more than sexual instincts.

The humanistic approach to personality primarily emphasizes:

Personal growth, free will, and self-actualization

The behaviorist perspective explains personality mainly by focusing on:

Learned associations, reinforcement histories, and situational factors

Which description best reflects the goal of trait theorists?

To describe and measure consistent patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior

Eysenck’s model proposes that personality varies primarily along which dimensions?

Extraversion–introversion and neuroticism–stability (with psychoticism added later)

The Big Five model is supported largely because:

It predicts behavior and is replicable across cultures

Which piece of evidence most strongly supports a biological basis for personality?

Identical twins raised apart show similar trait profiles

The evolutionary approach to personality suggests that traits exist because they:

Increase reproductive or survival advantages

Which statement best distinguishes self-report inventories from projective tests?

Self-report inventories use structured, standardized items; projective tests use ambiguous stimuli requiring interpretation.

The MMPI-2 and NEO-PI-R are examples of ________, while the Rorschach and TAT are examples of ________.

self-report inventories; projective tests