AP Psych Modules 23, 24, 25

learning

any relative change in behavior due to experience

extinction

lose association because of habituation

habituation

the more you’re exposed to a stimuli, the less it affects you

classical conditioning

associative learning, language associating sound and meaning, respondent and basic learning (you’re not taught how to talk)

spontaneous recovery

reacquire association after a break

generalization

cannot differentiate between specific stimulus and similar stimuli (ex: shark being a fish)

distinction

can tell difference between stimulus and something similar (ex: different classroom, different rules)

operant conditioning

association functions off a behavior and consequence

Edward Thorndike

Law of Effect (rewarded behavior most likely to recur)

BF Skinner

behaviorist (behavior and consequences). Environment dictates everything, no free will

shaping

training via successive approximations of behavior

positive reinforcement

add stimulus to increase behavior

negative reinforcement

remove stimulus to increase behavior

positive punishment

add stimulus to decrease behavior

negative punishment

remove stimulus to decrease behavior

primary reinforcer

something that satisfies a biological need (food, water, sleep)

secondary/conditioned reinforcer

anything not biologically necessary (grades, money)

continual reinforcement

every time desired behavior happens, it is reinforced. Effective in teaching new behavior but susceptible to extinction bc of habituation

partial intermittent reinforcement

desired response reinforced some of the time. slow for new behavior, resistant to extinction.

fixed ratio schedule

reinforcement after a set number of desired responses (ex: buy 10 meals, get 1 free)

variable ratio schedule

reinforcement after unknown number of desired responses. resistant to extinction (ex: gambling)

variable interval

reinforcement after random time intervals (ex: checking social media)

fixed interval

reinforcement after predictable time intervals (ex: paycheck)

extrinsic motivation

accomplishing goal for external reward (ex: money)

intrinsic motivation

motivated to accomplish because of internal enjoyment (ex: art)

observational learning

modeling the best way to teach behavior via mirror neurons, which create empathy

prosocial behavior

modeling positive, constructive behavior