Unit 1 (1492):

APUSH Unit 1 Notes: Topic 2

• Aztecs, Inca, and Mayas

  All had their own civilizations, religion, irrigation systems, and diverse culture.

• Cultivation of maize: Led to economic growth, social development, population growth, up to the north leading to the success of tribes.

• Pueblo, Ute, Chinook, Chumash, all lived in Northern American with their own diversity livings.

• Hopewell, Cahokia, Iroquois, all relied on trade extensive network and rivers.

Topic 3: (Colombian Exchange)

• 3 Reasons for European Exploration

  • The 3 G’s - Gold, Glory, God

  • Wealth accumulation with lots of gold and silver

  • Incentive to get to Asia due to India and Portugal controlling the land and trading post Empires throughout Africa and Asia for money through caravels.

  • Go to Asia to spread Christianity.

• Colombian Exchange

  The spread of plants, animals, ideas, diseases, and humans between the old and new world.

• Colombian Exchange’s impact

  • Diseases like Smallpox ended the Aztec empire.

  • America To Europe - Potatoes and Maize

  • Europe To America - Guns, Horses, Diseases, Rice

• Economic Impact

  Influx of Gold (Spain) - From Feudalism to Capitalism

  Middle Passage - Millions of African went to American as Slaves for bidders.

  Joint-Stock Company - (Dutch) - Investors would invest in explorations for gains or losses.

• Maritime Technology

  Astroblade, Rudder, maritime charts, caravels, and astronomical tables for voyages

Topic 5: (Spanish America System)

• What is the Encomienda system:

  Spanish Settlors were granted small chucks of land where native Americans had to work under them.

• African Slave Trade:

  • African slaves were traded for guns in return for higher African groups to gather more slaves.

• Spanish Requirement of 1513:

  Granted Spanish settlors to claim lands in America to convert people in Christianity.

• Spanish Castle System

  Based on Racial Ancestry and location to determined the tax you owned

  Top: Those born in Spain, those who are Spain but born in America, the last two are Africans and Native Americans

Topic 6: (Cultural Interactions)

• European Views:

  Believed in One God.

  Land existed for ownership.

  Nuclear Family .

• Spanish Views:

  Believed in spiritual animals/beings.

  land was mother nature’s use.

  Kinship family based.

• Pueblo Revolt:

  Forced conversion led to the Pueblo in revolting due to their forced religion upon them.

• Mission System:

  Priests converted people into Christianity.

• Debates on natives:

  Some advocated for harsher punishments and treatment, claimed it was justified in the bible.

  Others believed the cruel act was not looked upon by God, helped end the Encomienda system.

Unit 2 (1607-1754)

Topic 1-2: (European colonization)

• Spanish

  Wanted to find gold/silver and convert people.

  Encomienda system and castle system

• French

  Established the Quebec as the first settlement.

  Wanted to have fur trades and kinship ties with natives for trading purposes.

• Dutch

  Established New Amsterdam

  Wanted to establish trading settlements and not converting people.

• British

  Enclosure Movement - Took all lands from the common and sold it to the nobles.

  Incentives were land opportunities, religious freedom, living conditions.

  Settled in family homes

• Chesapeake Colonies

  Established Jamestown by Joint Stock companies.

  Tobacco was their main agricultural economic cash crops.

  Indentured Servant people signed 7 years labor contract to pay for the ride by being labor workforce.

  Bacon’s rebellion - Demanded for protection from native attacks and more land.

  Held lots of slaves

• New England Colonies

  Most Settlors were puritans to be purify from the English church and have religious freedom.

  Came for economic reasons and religious freedom due to as farmers.

  Traveled as family settlors and create a family economy as farmers.

  Mixed Economy - shipbuilding, trading, and farming cash crops

  Not a lot of slaves

• West Indies

  Relied on cash crops mainly tobacco but later sugar cane.

  Most slaves went there for labor work, half population led to strict slave codes for the blacks.

• Middle colonies

  Economic export was relied on cereal crops but had shipbuilding.

  Believed to have religious freedom for all and land negotiations.

  large amounts of indentured servants.

• Mayflower Compact

  Self-governing rules to the Americans who were in the new world.

• House of Burgesses

  An assembly where they levy taxes and enforce laws.

• Triangular Trade

  New England (Rum and goods) —> Africa (Slaves) —> Middle Passage —> West Indies (sugar cane) —> New England (rum)

• Mercantilism

  A new economic trading system in where there was a fixed amount of wealth in terms of gold and silver.

  Navigation Acts - Merchants had to trade with English ships and merchants leading to thriving economic center.

• Slave Codes

  Held in southern colonies, they were known as chattel, meaning owned property.

• Stono Rebellion

  A group of slaves took weapons and killed the white owners, many destroyed plantations and burned crops in revolt.

• Metacom’s war

  Metacom was the chief for Indian and allied with other Indian tribes due to the British’s encroachment on their land.

• The Enlightenment

  Relied on rational and knowledgeable thinking than rather religious and traditional beliefs, rooted in the colonies.

• Natural Rights

  inborn rights given to the people.

• Social Contract

  People have authority over the government, in return, the government gives protection.

• New Light Clergy

  Emphasized on more emotional and enthusiastic of faith and religion.

• Great Awakening

  A religious revival movement renewing religious faith and personal experiences bounding the colonies together and arguing against social hierarchies.

• Impressment

  Collecting colonial men and serving them into the royal navy seal to fight for war without consent. Caused great anger and riots within the colonies.

Unit 3 (1754-1800)

• French and Indian War

  A conflict between the British and French on encroachment on the Ohio River Valley territory

• Albany Plan of Union

  Intercolonial government with each colony giving taxes to raise self-defense.

• Royal Proclamation of 1763

  Made a boundary between the natives and colonist among the Ohio river valley to keep trade relationships intact with natives.

• British Debt was expensive.

  British debt doubled causing it to tax the colonies.

• Salutary Neglect

  The British parliament wouldn’t enforce its own laws among the colonies was ended.

• Quartering Act

  British troops would stay in colonist homes to enforce laws.

• Sugar Act

  Imposed taxes on wine and luxury times.

• Stamp Act

  Taxed on paper items with Newpapers during unemployment and lower wages.

• Virtual Representation

  One can be represented by a decision-making process without having to vote who makes those decisions.

• Townshend Acts

  Taxed goods imported directly from Britain, the first such tax in the colonies.

• The Boston Massacre

  Due to British solders staying there, it caused hate for the British.

• Boston Tea Party

  After the Tea act giving inclusive rights for British to import and export tea dumping many teas.

• Intolerable Acts

  Harsh acts by the British parliament enacted on the colonies.

• First Continental Congress

  Believed resisting violation of British harsh laws.

• Natural Rights

  Rights that cannot be taken away

• Social Contract

  The hands of the people to give it power to govern and create a government system.

• Separation of powers

  Have checks and balances to balance the other branches of government.

• Declaration of Independence

  Influence by enlightenment thoughts and separated from Britain.

• Articles of Confederation

  Gave the federal government no power to raise an army.

  Created little to no central government due to fear of creating a tyrannical government.

• Northwest ordinance of 1787

  Framework on the Northwest Territory and abolished slavery there.

• Shay’s rebellion

  High taxes and debt led to rebellion, showed how weak the Articles of Confederation with no army

• Federalist

  believed in a strong centralized government.

  People who wanted to ratify the new Constitution

• Anti-Federalist

  Believed in state government, imposed federal government.

  People who opposed the idea of the new constitution

• Constitutional Convention

  To fix and shore up the weakness of the Articles of confederation, creating a new constitution.

• The Virginia Plan

  Representatives based on the population.

• New Jersey Plan

  Every state had an equal representatives

• Great Compromise

  The legislature, now consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

• Three-Fifths Compromise

  ⅗ of the enslaved population would count for the representation of the state

• Bill of Rights

  Protect Individual rights and helped protect individuals from excessive power of federal power

• National Bank

  Economic and Financial would be regulated by the government.

• Elastic Clause

  Congress able to pass “necessary laws” to carry out something.

• Democratic-Republicans

  Believed in a more decentralized government with more power vested in state and local governments.

• Alien Acts

  Allowed to imprison or deport any non-citizen as pleased due to Irish and Scottish immigrants who opposed Britan.

• Viriginia and Kentucky Resolutions (response to the Alien Acts)

  States had the right to nullify any law that passed the limit power of Congress in the Constitution

• Pinckney Treaty

  The treaty established the boundary between the United States and Spanish Florida

  Unit 4: 1800-1848 📚

  Themes

  • Expanding Role of the United States in World Affairs

  • Transformation of Society and Economy in the Early Years of the Republic

  • Americans Coming to Terms with Growing Democratic Impulses

  Debates

  American Relations with Foreign Powers

  • Barbary Pirates: The U.S. government had paid tribute to the Barbary States of North Africa in exchange for protection of American merchant ships since the 1790s.

  • Jefferson's Opposition: Thomas Jefferson was morally opposed to paying bribes to engage in trade and ceased payments, leading to attacks on U.S. merchant ships.

  • Retaliation and Negotiation: The U.S. Navy was sent to retaliate, but eventually, a reduced payment was negotiated with the Barbary States.

  Scope of Federal Power

  • Democratic Republicans: Favored a strict constructionist view of the Constitution, limiting federal power to only what was explicitly written.

  • Federalists: Supported a loose constructionist view, allowing for more flexibility and federal power beyond what was explicitly written.

  The Louisiana Purchase

  • Background: France had a colony in Haiti, which gained independence in 1801. Jefferson saw an opportunity to gain navigation rights on the Mississippi River and sent James Monroe to negotiate with Napoleon.

  • The Deal: Napoleon offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million, which Monroe accepted.

  • Constitutional Crisis: Jefferson, a strict constructionist, struggled to justify the purchase, as there was no explicit constitutional power for the President to buy land.

  • Justification: Jefferson argued that owning the land would allow for Indian removal, cutting off European influence, and promoting his agrarian vision for the nation.

  Exploration and Expansion

  • Lewis and Clark Expedition: Congress appropriated funds for an expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, which explored the vast new territory, mapping the region and establishing diplomatic relations with Native Americans.

  • Zebulon Pike's Expedition: Pike explored the southern part of the territory, leading to more accurate mapping and geographic knowledge.

  Supreme Court Decisions

  Case	Year	Description	Significance
  Marbury v. Madison	1803	Established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.	Increased the power of the Supreme Court.
  McCulloch v. Maryland	1819	Ruled that federal law trumps state law, increasing federal power.	Established the supremacy of federal law.

  The War of 1812

  • Causes:

    • France and Britain seizing American merchant ships

    • British impressment of American sailors

    • Indian resistance in the West, allegedly stirred up by the British

  • Party Lines: Democratic Republicans supported the war, while Federalists opposed it.

  • Consequences:

    • Intensified Nationalism: The war created a sense of national unity.

    • Federalist Demise: The Federalist Party declined due to its opposition to the war.

    • Era of Good Feelings: The war marked the beginning of a period of national unity under the Democratic Republican Party.

  Henry Clay's American System

  • Economic Prescription: A series of policies aimed at unifying the American economy.

  • Three Interdependent Policies:

    1. Federally Funded Internal Improvements: Roads and canals to aid farmers and merchants.

    2. Protective Tariffs: Taxes on imported goods to encourage domestic production.

    3. National Bank: A reliable source of credit to support the economy.

  The American System and Westward Expansion 🌄

  In the early 19th century, the United States was undergoing significant changes, including the expansion of the country westward and the development of the American System.

  The Missouri Compromise

  In 1819, Missouri applied for statehood, which sparked a controversy over the balance of free and slave states in the Senate. James Tallmadge, a New York congressman, proposed an amendment to prohibit slavery in Missouri, which led to a heated debate in Congress.

  "I considered it at once as the knell of the union... it is hushed indeed for the moment, but this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence." - Thomas Jefferson

  Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1820, which allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance of power in the Senate.

  The Market Revolution

  The Market Revolution was a significant transformation in the American economy, driven by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation.

  Key Innovations:

  • The Cotton Gin, invented by Eli Whitney, revolutionized southern agriculture by speeding up the process of separating seeds from cotton fibers.

  • The Spinning Machine, invented by Samuel Slater, enabled the mass production of textiles.

  • Interchangeable Parts allowed for the assembly of machines and products on a large scale.

  Impact of the Market Revolution:

  • The growth of industry and agriculture led to the development of new forms of transportation, such as Steamboats, which transformed trade and commerce.

  • The Erie Canal, completed in 1825, connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, facilitating trade and growth.

  • The Railroad emerged as a major mode of transportation, replacing canals and transforming the economy.

  The American Society and Economy

  During this period, American society underwent significant changes, including the growth of industrial cities, the expansion of immigration, and the development of a new middle class.

  Immigration and Urbanization:

  • Between 1820 and 1840, approximately 2 million immigrants arrived in the United States, mainly from Germany and Ireland.

  • Many immigrants settled in industrial cities, leading to rapid growth and transformation of urban areas.

  The Middle Class:

  • The growing middle class included business owners, shopkeepers, journalists, doctors, and lawyers.

  • This class emerged in the North and had disposable income, which they spent on leisure activities and consumer goods.

  Women's Roles:

  • The Cult of Domesticity emerged, emphasizing the importance of women's roles in the home and their responsibilities as wives and mothers.

  • Women were expected to conform to societal norms and focus on domestic duties, rather than pursuing careers or public roles.

  The Expansion of Democracy

  During this period, the United States expanded democracy, granting more citizens the right to vote.

  Key Developments:

  • The Panic of 1819 led to widespread demands for banking reform and the extension of voting rights to laboring men and small farmers.

  • The Frontier States had established universal male suffrage, which inspired demands for similar reforms in other states.

  • By 1825, most Eastern states had lowered or eliminated their property qualifications for voting, leading to the growth and realignment of political parties.

  Political Parties:

  Party	View of Federal Power
  National Republicans	Loose Constructionists (expansive view of federal power)
  Democrats	Strict Constructionists (restrictive view of federal power)

  The election of 1824 saw the emergence of four candidates, reflecting the growing rift between the two factions.## The Election of 1824 and the Rise of Political Parties 🗳

  The election of 1824 was a significant event in American history, marking a shift from the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican party to the emergence of new political parties.

  • Andrew Jackson, a Democrat in the Jeffersonian mold, was a strong contender in the election.

  • John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay, both National Republicans with Federalist tendencies, were also in the running.

  • Jackson won the popular vote, but due to the presence of multiple candidates, no one won a majority of the electoral vote.

  • As per the Constitution, the House of Representatives was tasked with choosing the president, and they elected Adams as the winner.

  • Jackson and his supporters cried foul, accusing Adams and Clay of making a corrupt bargain.

  The Election of 1828 and the Solidification of Political Parties 🗳

  Fast-forwarding to the next election in 1828, the intraparty factions had crystallized into legitimate political parties.

  • The Democratic Party chose Andrew Jackson as their candidate.

  • The National Republicans chose John Quincy Adams as their candidate.

  • Jackson took his campaign across the country, winning the election and solidifying his position as a leader of the Democratic Party.

  Andrew Jackson and the Scope of Federal Power 💪

  The two major national parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, had differing views on the scope of federal power.

  • The Democrats, led by Andrew Jackson, believed in limited federal power and states' rights.

  • The Whigs, led by Henry Clay, believed in strong federal power and a national bank.

  Tariffs and the Nullification Crisis 🚫

  • The Tariff of 1828, passed during the Adams administration, raised import duties to 50% and was hated by Southerners who relied on imported goods.

  • In 1832, Congress reaffirmed the tariff, leading to the Nullification Crisis, in which South Carolina threatened to secede from the Union.

  • Jackson worked with Congress to lower the tariff, but the South Carolina legislature nullified the Force Bill, which had given Jackson the authority to use federal troops to enforce federal law.

  The Veto of the Second Bank of the United States 🚫

  • The Second Bank of the United States, established as part of Henry Clay's American System, was seen as favoring the elite over ordinary citizens.

  • Jackson vetoed the recharter of the bank, calling it a "monster" that was "dangerous to the common people of America."

  Indian Removal and the Indian Removal Act 🏜

  • The Indian Removal Act of 1830 allowed the federal government to negotiate treaties with Native American tribes to relocate them to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).

  • The Cherokee Nation, led by John Ross, challenged the law in the Supreme Court in Worcester v. Georgia, which ruled that the Cherokee Nation was sovereign and Georgia had no right to impose state laws within their boundaries.

  • However, in 1835, a small delegation of the Cherokee signed the Treaty of New Echota, exchanging Cherokee land in Georgia for a reservation territory west of the Mississippi River.

  Distinct American Culture and the Spirit of Reform 🎨

  During this period, Americans sought to develop their own distinct identity through language, philosophy, art, and religion.

  American Literature and Language 📚

  • Noah Webster's publication of the American Dictionary of the English Language in 1828 standardized the spelling and pronunciation of American English.

  American Philosophy and Transcendentalism 🌳

  • Transcendentalism, influenced by European Romanticism, emphasized the transcendent power and beauty of nature.

  • Ralph Waldo Emerson believed that moral perfection could be achieved in the United States.

  • Henry David Thoreau, a follower of Emerson's, wrote Walden, an experiment in human perfection.

  American Art and the Hudson River School 🎨

  • The Hudson River School of artists painted romanticized landscapes in New York and the Western territories, influencing the development of American art.

  Utopian Communities and the Oneida Community 🌈

  • Utopian communities, influenced by European intellectuals and American values of democracy and equality, sought to create perfect societies.

  • The Oneida Community, formed in 1848 in central New York, was one such community, where members relinquished private property and lived in imperfect equality.

  The Second Great Awakening and Christian Revival ⛪️

  • The Second Great Awakening, a period of Christian revival, spread across the United States through camp meetings and evangelistic preaching.

  • Charles Finney, a New York preacher, spoke powerfully and emphasized the moral reformation of society.

  • The American Temperance Society, founded in 1826, crusaded against the consumption of alcohol, and its efforts led to the establishment of over 5000 chapters across the country.

  Mormonism and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ⛪️

  • Mormonism, founded by Joseph Smith in the 1840s, emerged as a significant religious movement in the United States.

  • The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also known as the LDS Church, was established in 1842 and emphasized individual revelation and spiritual experience.

  American Society in the 1800s

  The Mormon Church

  Joseph Smith, the founder of the Mormon Church, believed that all Christian churches in America had strayed from the true teachings of the original apostolic church. He claimed to have translated golden plates buried in Palmyra, New York, into the Book of Mormon, which became the holy book of the Mormon Church.

  Initially, New Yorkers tolerated the Mormon presence, but when Smith proclaimed that God had instructed his community to practice polygamy, they faced persecution. After Smith was lynched in Missouri, Brigham Young, the next prophet of the group, led the Mormon community to establish a theocracy on the Great Salt Lake in Utah.

  The Abolitionist Movement

  The abolitionist movement, which aimed to end slavery, began in the 1820s and was mainly confined to free blacks and Quakers. However, with the publication of William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper, The Liberator, in 1831, the movement gained momentum. Garrison argued that white people needed to take a stand against slavery through moral persuasion, not violence.

  Year	Event
  1831	Publication of The Liberator
  1833	Formation of the American Anti-Slavery Society

  The abolitionist movement was not universally accepted in the North. Northern merchants and manufacturers feared the economic impact of abolition on the cotton and sugar trade, while white working men felt threatened by the prospect of losing their jobs.

  Women's Rights and Abolitionism

  Many women supported the abolitionist movement, but they found that their status as women made it difficult to advocate for the cause. They realized that they needed more rights for themselves to be more effective in their campaigns. This led to the convergence of the abolitionist and women's rights movements.

  Event	Description
  Seneca Falls Convention (1848)	The first women's rights conference in America, where the Declaration of Sentiments was drafted, calling for women's equality in education, legal rights, and voting

  The South

  After 1830, plantations expanded with westward expansion, leading to enormous profits for plantation owners from the production of sugar and cotton. This created a wealthy plantation aristocracy that sought to protect their profits and way of life through harsh discipline towards the enslaved people.

  "They sang songs that both created a rhythm for their work and expressed their collective despair and collective hopes."

  Despite the harsh conditions, enslaved laborers found ways to maintain their sense of community, including through their songs.

  Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831) was a significant slave uprising in Virginia, led by a black laborer named Nat Turner, who believed God had given him a mission to free slaves. The rebellion resulted in the deaths of over 50 white people, and Turner and 55 of his followers were hanged publicly.

  Group	Description
  Yeoman farmers	Independent landowners who did not own slaves, but still believed in the institution of slavery and the racial hierarchy of southern society.
  Plantation owners	Wealthy aristocrats who owned large plantations and exploited enslaved laborers.

Period 5: Manifest Destiny and the Road to the Civil War 🏃‍♂

U.S. Expansion and Manifest Destiny 🌏

Manifest Destiny was the idea that the United States was destined to expand its territory and spread its influence across North America because God commanded them to do so.

Debates over Slavery

• The Mexican American War (1846-1848) produced the Mexican Cession, which after treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo has been signed, gave the Mexican Cession to the United States.

• The Wilmot Proviso (1846) slavery should be banned in Mexico territory fueling the difference between the southern and northern states.

Older Immigrants (Pre-Civil War) 🚣‍♀

• Ethnic Communities

  German and Irish immigrants tended to live in ethnic communities.

Nativism and Discrimination (Pre-Civil War)

• Nativism

  Fear, discrimination, and hatred towards foreigners, especially Irish Catholics.

• Know-Nothing Party

  Anti-Catholic party established to limit the power and influence of immigrants.

Opportunities and Legislation

• Homestead Act (1862)

  Gave 160 acres of cheap land to families who settled there for 5 years.

• The federal government was promoting westward expansion.

Northern and Southern Differences 🌍

• North: free labor, manufacturing, slower population growth

• South: dependent on agriculture and slavery, faster population growth

Abolitionist Movement

• William Lloyd Garrison

  Wrote The Liberator, a weekly newspaper.

• Underground Railroad: helped slaves escape.

• John Brown Used violence to end slavery.

Southern Defense of Slavery

• Nullification

  Southern states could declare not to follow unconstitutional laws.

• Racial Stereotypes: used minstrel shows to stereotype and mock African Americans.

Compromises and Failures: 🤝

Compromise of 1850

• Henry Clay: Instituted new issues of slavery in the Mexican Cession and a strict Fugitive Slave Law.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Bleeding Kansas: Allowed whether slavery should be in Kansas and Nebraska

• Increased tension within the northers and the Southern causing violence and conflict.

Dred Scott Decision (1857)

• Supreme Court Case: African Americans could not be U.S citizens; declared that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.

Second Party System and Sectional Parties

• Whigs and Democrats: parties that ended after the Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Republicans: emerged as a sectional party in the North and Midwest.

Election of 1860 and Secession

• Abe Lincoln: After the election of 1860, it caused a pivotal point in southern states seceding.

• South Carolina's Secession: Caused an extra 6 more southern states to leave.

Civil War and Reconstruction 🏛

Union Victory and Emancipation

• Emancipation Proclamation (1863): Proposed all slaves in the south were freed in open rebellion weakening the south.

• Gettysburg Address: Believed in the principles of freedom and equality.

• The Freedman's Bureau: Provided basic necessities, built schools, and helped transition lives for the newly freed.

Reconstruction Amendments

Compromise of 1877 and End of Reconstruction

• Rutherford B. Hayes: became President, and the military was withdrawn from the South.

limitation of African Americans

• Sharecropping was another way around the 13th amendment.

• Jim Crow Laws: Legalized segregation, restricted voting rights, and led to racial violence.

• KKK: terrorized African Americans

• Plessy vs Ferguson: Racial segregation continued with separation of blacks and whites as long as it had equal quality.

Women's Rights and the Amendments

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony: argued that the 15th Amendment should include women.

• Impact on Civil Rights Movement: the amendments were used to help the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s.

Period 6: The Gilded Age 💰

Gilded Age described a period of rapid increase in westward expansion, especially for railroads and an increase in large monopiles.

Large Monopolies practices:

• Andrew Carnegie

  Grew his steel business through vertical integration, controlling every stage of steel production from mining to shipping.

• John D. Rockefeller

  Grew his Standard Oil Company through horizontal integration, buying out competitors to control the oil refining industry.

Business Practices:

• Trusts

  Used to consolidate power, control markets, and monopolize industries.

• Social Darwinism

  The theory of economic survival of the fittest, used to justify low wages and exploitation of workers.

• Andrew Carnegie

  Argued that the wealthy had a responsibility to give back to society, as outlined in his book "The Gospel of Wealth".

Government Policies:

• Laissez-Faire:

  The government's hands-off approach allowed industrial capitalists to thrive.

Reforms

• Pendleton Civil Service Act: Ended the spoils system.

• Sherman Antitrust Act: Attempted to limit the power of monopolies.

Labor Unions: (Long hours, working conditions, Low Wages)

Strikes:

Strikes such as the Great Railroad Strike, Pullman Strike, and Homestead Strike were all ineffective.

Innovations and Leisure:

• Technology

  Telephones, typewriter, electricity, improved conditions and communications

• Middle Class

  Had more money to enjoy Leisure such as movies and sporting events.

Social Gospel Movement

• Encouraged Christians to address social issues:

  Christians in the middle class to address issues such as poverty and homelessness.

Immigration and Migration

• Mass Exodus of African Americans: Moved out of the Jim Crow South for economic opportunities and political and social freedoms.

• Rapid Urbanization: Occurred in cities like New York and Chicago, as well as newer industrial cities like Pittsburgh.

Nativism and Racism (Due to mass immigration)

• Chinese Exclusion Act: Resulted from the rise of nativism.

• Jim Crow Laws: Maintained racism and inequality in the South.

• Plessy V. Ferguson: Racial segregation laws were maintained as long as there was equality among facilities.

The West

• Homestead Act: Allowed settlers to claim land for free, leading to rapid development and settlement.

• Transcontinental Railroad: Completed in 1869, connecting the West to the rest of the country.

• New Industries: Mining, cattle ranching, and agriculture emerged as means to generate wealth.

Impact on Native Americans

• Devastating Consequences: The rapidly expanding population and infrastructure had devastating effects on the Great Plains with Buffalos and Native American populations.

• Violent Conflicts: Forced assimilation, Carlisle School assimilated many natives into American values, Christianity, and traditions.

Populism

• The Populist parties

  Represented as farmers and laborers opposed large business by supporting free coinage of silver, regulation of Railroads, and graduated income tax.

Period 7 Study Guide 📚

Imperialism and Foreign Policy 🌎

• Frontier Thesis: Frederick Jackson Turner's argument that the American identity was based on conquering Western lands and people started looking out to expand towards the seas.

• American Imperialism: The US expansion beyond its continental borders, driven by the need for raw materials and new markets.

• Hawaiian Coup: Americans living in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian Monarch, allowing the US to annex Hawaii.

Debates over Imperialism

The expansion of the U.S. led to debates between:

• Imperialists: Those who favored expansion and the establishment of colonies.

• Anti-Imperialists: Those who opposed expansion, including the Anti-Imperialist League led by Mark Twain and presidents of Stanford and Harvard.

Spanish-American War

• Causes: Tensions between the US and Spain, especially after the sinking of the USS Maine in Havana's Harbor.

• Treaty of Paris: Ended the war, granting the US control over Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico.

Foreign Policies 📝

• John Hay's Open Door Policy: Gave the US access to foreign markets in China, while keeping it out of European control.

• Roosevelt Corollary: An expansion of the Monroe Doctrine, arguing that the US had the right to intervene in Latin American affairs to protect its economic interests and maintain stability in the region.

• Dollar Diplomacy: President Taft's policy of securing order in Latin America through economic means like investment and loans.

• Moral Diplomacy: President Wilson's policy of supporting governments that emphasized democracy and free trade.

Progressive Era 🌟

• Progressives sought to reform society, politics, and the economy.

• Muckrakers: Journalists who used expose journalism to fight corruption, such as Lincoln Steffens and Ida Tarbell.

• Reforms: The Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, Clayton Antitrust Act, 16th Amendment (federal income tax), 17th amendment, and the Federal Reserve.

• Women's Suffrage: The 19th Amendment, which finally allowed women the right to vote.

World War I

• Causes: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, followed by Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare on American merchant vessels.

• American Involvement: The US entered the war in 1917 due to Germany using submarines warfare on U.S merchant vessels, with President Wilson declaring neutrality initially.

• Fourteen Points: Principles to negotiation of peace treaty of ending WW1, most points were ignored as Germany was the guilt clause.

• Treaty of Versailles: The peace settlement that ended the war but was criticized for its harsh treatment of Germany.

• League of Nations: An international peacekeeping body established by President Wilson, but ultimately rejected by the US Senate.

Civil Rights and African American Experience 🕊

• NAACP: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, formed in 1909 to fight for equality, justice, and rights.

• The Great Migration: Millions of African Americans left the oppressive Jim Crow South in search of jobs and freedoms in the North.

• Harlem Renaissance: A cultural and literary movement that flourished in Harlem, featuring artists like Langston Hughes and Louis Armstrong.

Red Scare (1919-1920)

The Red Scare was caused by the Russian Revolution, labor unrest, and immigration. It led to:

• Suppression of radicals: The government cracked down on radicals, and individuals were deported.

• Immigration quotas: The government established quotas to restrict immigration from Europe.

• 1921 Emergency Quota Act - First immigration restriction due to fear of communism.

New Technologies

New technologies improved standards of living, personal mobility, and communication:

• Cars: Increased personal mobility.

• Radio: Increased communication.

• Refrigerators: Improved food storage and quality.

Conflicts

The 1920s saw conflicts between:

• Fundamentalist Christianity: Opposed to scientific modernism, as seen in the Scopes Trial.

• Native-born Americans: Opposed to new immigrants.

World War II and the Great Depression 🇯️

• Causes of the Great Depression: Overproduction, unregulated banking practices, and the stock market crash of 1929.

• Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal: A series of programs and policies aimed at providing relief, reform, and recovery for the American people.

• World War II: The US entered the war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, leading to an increase in anti-Japanese sentiments and the forced internment of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast World War II and its Implications 🌎

Minorities in the War Effort

• African Americans: The Tuskegee Airmen served as the first African American pilots in the armed forces.

• Native Americans: About 45,000 Native Americans enlisted in the war, with the Navajo code talkers playing a vital role in the Pacific and Europe.

Women's Roles in the War

• Women were allowed to enlist in the military in groups like the Women's Army Corps, serving in non-combat positions such as:

  • Nurses

  • Telephone operators

  • Truck drivers

  • Mechanics

• On the home front, women filled the positions of men who had left for the war, as seen with Rosie the Riveter.

War Efforts and Leadership

• American troops helped the Allied Forces defeat Hitler in Europe with leaders like Dwight D. Eisenhower, who helped lead the D-Day campaign.

• The island-hopping campaign was used in the Pacific to fight the Japanese.

• The Office of Scientific Research and Development worked on the top-secret Manhattan Project, developing the atomic bomb.

The End of World War II

• Germany surrendered in May 1945.

• Japanese forces continued to fight until President Truman approved the use of the atomic bomb after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

• Japan finally surrendered in the fall of 1945, officially ending World War II.

Post-World War II Economy (Unit 8) 📈

The post-World War II economy was characterized by:

• Baby Boom Generation: The largest generation in US history, born between 1946 and 1964, contributed to economic growth.

• Technological Developments: Advances in technology led to increased productivity and economic growth.

• GI Bill - Gave Veterans the opportunities to get a college degree and buy a home

• Sun Belt Region - Experienced rapid economic growth due to defense industries and warm climate.

The Cold War ❄

Containment Policy:

• The United States left the state of being in isolation, Joined NATO and the United Nations to stop communism from spreading.

• Truman Doctrine - Supported and gave economic and military aid to countries who felt threated to communist influence (Helped Greece and Turkey).

• Marshall Plan - Provide economic aid and support to countries that have been devasted from the aftermath of WW2, this increased economic recovery and prevented the spread of communism.

• McCarthyism - Intense fear of communism during the second half of the Red Scare causing aggressive investigation within alleged communism activities.

• Red Scare - A time period of intense fear of communism spreading within the United States, caused the government to crackdown labor unions and suspected activities such as the Hollywood ten.

Proxy War:

• Korean War, the United States supported the South in regards of not being suppressed by the North Korea as communist.

The Vietnam War:

• The Domino theory suggested if one country in a region fell to communism, neighboring countries would follow in a chain reaction, similar to a line of dominos falling one after the other.

• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against U.S. forces and to prevent further aggression.

The Nixon Presidency

• Vietnamization: Nixon's policy to gradually withdraw American troops

• Paris Accords: ended the war in Vietnam

• Foreign Policy: based on Détente, Nixon sought to de-escalate Cold War tensions

  • Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty: first time both sides agreed to limit their nuclear arsenals.

  • Visit to China: reopened lines of communication and trade.

Strategies for Achieving Civil Rights:

• Brown v. Board of Education - Stated it was unconstitutional of racial segregation for public schools as it violated the 14th amendment.

• Bus Boycott - Due to the event of Rosa Park not leaving, it caused civil rights movement such as Luther King organizing a boycott of the city’s bus system.

• Civil Rights March on Washington - Hundreds of thousands of African Americans advocated for fair economic and civil rights as it led to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

• Gays and Lesbians: The Stonewall Riots in 1969 marked the beginning of the gay rights movement.

• Latinos: Cesar Chavez led a great picket strike and hunger strike to bring attention to the plight of Mexican American farmworkers.

Legislative Victories

• Civil Rights Act of 1964: outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin.

• Voting Rights Act of 1965: ensured voting rights for African Americans

The Great Society and Liberalism:

Aimed to end poverty and create social welfare for all citizens.

Goals of the Great Society

• End Discrimination: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 aimed to end discrimination.

• Voting Rights Act of 1965: This act prohibited racial discrimination in voting, removing barriers such as literacy tests and other discriminatory practices.

• Eliminate Poverty: Programs such as food stamps and Medicaid aimed to eliminate poverty.

• Included Healthcare reforms such as Medicare and Medicaid

• Housing and Urban Development Act: Passed in 1965, this act expanded federal funding for public housing and urban renewal projects.

• Food Stamp Act: Passed in 1964, this act established the modern food stamp program (now known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or SNAP) to help low-income individuals and families afford nutritious food.

• Higher Education Act: Enacted in 1965, this law provided federal funding and loans to help students afford college, expanding access to higher education.

The Supreme Court in the 1960s

• Griswold v. Connecticut: The Supreme Court ruled that a Connecticut law banning birth control was illegal and established the doctrine of the right to privacy.

• Roe v. Wade: The Supreme Court legalized abortion in 1973, citing the doctrine of the right to privacy established in Griswold v. Connecticut.

The Environmental Movement 🌎

Key Events and Figures

• Rachel Carson's Silent Spring: shed light on the harmful effects of pesticides on the environment and wildlife

• Earth Day: created in 1970 to raise awareness for environmental issues and promote sustainability.

• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): established in 1970 to protect human health and the environment.

• Clean Air Act: Although the initial version of the Clean Air Act was passed in 1963, it was significantly strengthened during the Great Society era to regulate air pollution and protect public health.

• Clean Water Act: Reducing pollutants discharged into waterways, restoring impaired water bodies, and promoting sustainable management practices.