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Niche Industries
Small-scale industries focusing on specialized markets.
Fragmented Industry
Dispersed production with inconsistent supply and quality.
Boom and Bust
Market cycles influenced by trends and fads.
Meat Rabbits
Rabbits raised primarily for human consumption.
Fryers
Meat rabbits weighing less than 2.34 kg.
Roasters
Meat rabbits weighing more than 2.34 kg.
Rabbit Population 2016
172,500 meat rabbits raised in Canada.
Rabbit Slaughter 2016
621,000 meat rabbits slaughtered in Canada.
Rabbit Producers 2016
3,800 producers of meat rabbits in Canada.
Does
Female rabbits used for breeding.
Bucks
Male rabbits used for breeding.
Kits
Young rabbits born to does.
New Zealand Breed
Rabbit breed known for caramel brown or white fur.
Californian Rabbit
Rabbit breed with white fur and dark markings.
Market Weight
Rabbits reach market weight in 8-10 weeks.
Rabbit Gestation
Gestation period lasts 30-33 days.
Kindling
Term for rabbits giving birth.
Litter Size
Does produce 5-7 litters annually.
FCR
Feed conversion ratio of 3.4:1 for rabbits.
Bison
Livestock primarily raised for meat production.
Bison Bulls
Adult male bison weighing 1500-2000 lbs.
Bison Cows
Adult female bison weighing 800-1200 lbs.
Bison Calves
Newborn bison weighing 40-60 lbs at birth.
Beefalo
Hybrid of domestic cattle and bison.
Bison History
Bison population dropped from 60 million to 1,000.
Bison Browsers
Bison primarily feed on shrubs and grasses.
Bison Meat Grading
Graded based on age and quality, not marbling.
Bison Meat Attributes
Leaner, higher moisture, and cooks faster than beef.
Camelids
A family of animals that includes alpacas and llamas.
Alpacas
A type of camelid known for its fiber.
Breeding stock
Animals used for breeding purposes.
Fibre
Material produced by alpacas, graded by size and staple length.
5-10 lbs/animal/year
The amount of fiber produced by an alpaca annually.
Prime balnet fleece
The highest quality fleece produced by alpacas, averaging 3-4 lbs.
Oil free
Refers to alpaca fleece that does not contain lanolin.
Alpaca fibre cooperative of Ontario
A cooperative for marketing alpaca fiber in Ontario.
Alpaca fibre cooperative of North America
A cooperative for marketing alpaca fiber across North America.
Quality yarn
Yarn produced from alpaca fiber, sold to niche markets.
Value-added products
Products made from alpaca fiber that increase its market value.
Alpaca Canada
An association with approximately 160 members focused on alpacas.
Huacaya
A breed of alpaca that is more popular, making up 90% of the population.
Suri
A breed of alpaca known for its long, silky, and straight fibers.
Crea
A young alpaca.
Hembra
A female alpaca.
Macho
A male alpaca.
Challenges
Issues faced in the alpaca industry, including high breeding stock prices.
Llamas
Camelids used as livestock guard animals and for fiber and meat.
Ostriches
Large birds raised for meat, leather, oil, feathers, and eggs.
Adult weight of ostriches
115-165 kgs.
Hens' egg production
40-100 eggs per season, typically from late February to October.
Emus
Birds native to New Zealand, raised for oil, meat, and leather.
Rhea
Birds native to South America, raised for oil, meat, and leather.
Minks
Animals raised for fur and oil.
World production of minks
85 million pelts (pre-COVID).
Mink production in Canada
71 farms in 2021, producing 1,763,800 pelts in 2016.
Feeding and nutrition of minks
80-90% of diet is meat/meat-by-products/dairy by-products.
Mink sheds
Long open-sided structures for housing minks.
Mink production cycle
Includes breeding season in early March with a gestation period of 40-75 days.
Whelping
The process of giving birth in minks, occurring mid-April to early May.
Pelting season
Occurs in late November and December for seasonal minks.
Aquaculture
The farming of aquatic organisms, including fish, molluscs, crustaceans, and aquatic plants.
Historical roots of aquaculture
Dates back to China in 1100 BC with carp in rice fields.
Major reasons for aquaculture importance
Health, food security, economic value, job creation, and supply sustainability.
World aquaculture production
1% in Canada, with 58% in China.
Canadian aquaculture in 2021
Total production of 191,000 tonnes worth $1.3 billion.
Finfish aquaculture
Includes both carnivorous and non-carnivorous species.
Mollusc aquaculture
Includes species such as mussels, oysters, clams, scallops, and abalone.
Crustacea aquaculture
Includes shrimp, crayfish, prawns, marine crabs, and lobsters.
Plant aquaculture
Includes species such as kelp, laver, nori, and Irish moss.
Pond advantages
Cheap, Easy to construct, Utilize natural water flow, Nutrients from invertebrates
Pond disadvantages
Low oxygen (limits production), Off flavours, Buildup of waste, Difficult to treat disease, Vulnerable to predators
Raceway advantages
Still cheap, Easy to add equipment, Moderate oxygen (some control), Easy to disinfect/harvest
Raceway disadvantages
Uses a lot of water, Fish crowd inflow, Slow current, Buildup of waste, Vulnerable to predators
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)
Minimize water use (sustainability issues), Increased biosecurity, Allows control and stability of environment, Marketing opportunities
Components of RAS
Tanks, Biological filters, Solids filter, Bacteria filter, Aeration, Buffering systems, heaters/chillers, Lighting
Biological filtration
Removes nitrogenous waste, Nitrification; oxidizes ammonia and nitrite to nitrate
Aquaponics
Aquaculture + hydroponics
Production cycle in aquaponics
Eggs fertilized hatchery (sept to dec), Eggs to fry to fingerlings (50-100 grams), Fingerlings stocked at "ice out" (early may), market-sized fish (1kg) by early fall (sept/oct), Overwintered if want larger fish or spring spawners
Storm hazards
Ice movement can drag cage anchors, Spray ice may collapse cages
Fishmeal trap
Was 65%, now less than 10% fishmeal
RAs vs Net pens
RA advantages: Grow warm water fish, Increased fish growth year-round, Enhanced water use and biosecurity, Proximity to markets
RA Disadvantages
High initial investment, High operating costs, Complexity and learning curve, Filtration failures (waste buildup)
Net pen advantages
Less capital investment, Easier expansion, Easier relocation, Low land use
Net pen disadvantages
More feed wastage, Reduced growing season, Escaped fish and predators, Biosafety issues
IMTA
Integrative multi-trophic aquaculture
Potential growth of Canadian aquaculture
20% of the world's freshwater, Plentiful biophysical resources, Developed culture technology, Still not meeting domestic demand, Export potential to US market, Competent staff and experts
Gilt
Young female, until slaughter or first farrowing
Sow
Reproducing female
Boar
Reproducing male
Barrow
Castrated male
Nursing pigs
1kg at birth, Weaning age 2-5 weeks
Weaner pig
Newly weaned, ~3 weeks old, About 6 kg
Starter/nursery pig
From weaning to approximately 25kg
Grower pig
25-60kg
Finisher pig
60+ kg to market at 105-110 kg, About 6 months
Hog
Growing/finishing pig
Canadian pork industry
Farm cash receipts: $5.9 billion, 5.8% of total in 2023
Live exports
$735.2 million, 6.75 million hogs
Pork exports
$4.71 billion, 21.76 million hogs processed domestically, 2.29 million tonnes of pork
Distribution of production
Manitoba #1, Ontario #2, Quebec #3, 7200 pig farms in Canada as of 2023, 13.9 million pigs in Canada as of 2023
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