23-37 Fertility

APES 2024

Total fertility rate (TFR)

Total fertility rate (TFR)

An estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years

TFR is affected by

the age women have their first child, educational opportunities for women, access to family planning, and government acts and policies

Replacement-level fertility

The total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size

For humans in developed countries the replacement-level fertility is

2.1

Replacement level fertility tends to be

higher in developing countries because mortality among young people tends to be higher

The global human population has grown more rapidly in the last

400 years than at any other time in history

Current world population as of Feb. 2024

8.09 billion people

Factors that determine if a population is growing or declining:

population size, birth rate, infant mortality rate overall death rate, access to family planning, access to good nutrition, access to education, postponement of marriage

Factors that limit human population growth include

earth’s carrying capacity, basic factors that limit growth based on Malthus’ theories

Malthus’ theories

human population size would eventually
exceed the food supply, population growth was exponential, food supply growth was linear, humans will eventually exceed the carrying capacity of the Earth

Density independent factors

major storms, heat waves, fires, and droughts

Density dependent factors

access to clean water and air, food availability, disease transmission, and territory size

Immigration

the movement of people into a country or region,
from another country or region

Emigration

The movement of people out of a country or region

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The number of births per 1,000 individuals per year

Crude death rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year

The current (2024) US population is expected to

increase due to immigration

Doubling time

The number of years it takes a population to double

At today’s (2024) 1.2% global growth rate, the population will

double in 58 years

Life expectancy

The average number of years that an infant born in a
particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate in that country

Infant mortality

The number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births

Child mortality

The number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 live births

Factors for infant mortality rate

whether mothers have access to good healthcare & nutrition, and changes can lead to changes in infant mortality

Regardless of birth and death rates, a country may experience

population growth, stability, or decline as a result of net migration

Net migration rate

the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country

Family planning

the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth controlol

Urban growth

more than one-half of the world’s population will live in urban settings by 2030