chemistry exam ch 1-3

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what are the properties of matter determined by?

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Chemistry

112 Terms

1

what are the properties of matter determined by?

chemical and physical properties of atoms and molecules

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2

atom

submicroscopic particles matter which are building blocks for elements and molecules

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3

molecule

2 or more atoms combine to make them. it can be made of the same element or different elements

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4

chemistry

the science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules (the study of matter)

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5

strong bonds

make an object harder to break

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6

what does it mean that science is empirical ?

it is based on obsesrvations and experiments

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7

scientific law

A general hypothesis or statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted

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8

fact

A phenomenon about which competent observers can agree.

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9

hypothesis

prediction

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10

principle of falsifiability

for a hypothesis to be considered scientific, it must be testable and capable of being wrong

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11

does data prove a hypothesis

no, it only supports a hypothesis

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12

theory

unifying explaination of a scientific phenomena

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13

matter

anything that has mass and takes up space, consisting of atoms and molecules in motion

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14

the 3 states of matter

solid, liquid, gas

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15

to measure the volume of a solid, use…

water displacement

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16

structure of a solid

fixed volume and shape (tightly packed bonds

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17

structure of a liquid

no shape but fixed volume (loose bonds)

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18

structure of a gas

no shape or volume (very very weak bonds)

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19

2 categories of matter

pure substances and mixtures

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20

2 types of misxtures

heterogenous (layered boundaries like wet sand) and homogenous (no clear separation of the compounds)

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21

element

substance that can not be broken down into a simpler substance

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22

compound

substance of 2 or more elements in fixed definite proportions

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23

homogenous mixture

composition is the same throughout (ex: air, bronze, sweet tea)

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24

heterogeneous mixture

varries in composition throughout sample (ex: granite countertop)

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25

methods of separating mixtures

decanting, distillation, and filtration

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26

physical changes

a substance doesnt change into a new substance (phase change, ex: ice to water to steam)

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27

physical properties (list)

density, color intensity, particle size, melting/freezing point, boinling point, texture

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chemical change

a reaction forms a new substance

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29

base unit of length

meter

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30

base unit of mass

gram

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31

base unit of time

second

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32

amount of a substance

mole

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33

base unit of electric current

ampere

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34

base unit of luminous intensity

candela

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35

precision

agreement and closeness of repeatable values. you can be precise but not accurate in measurements.

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36

accuracy

agreement and consensus of measured values to the actual value

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37

uncertainty/confidence factor

degree of measure value differs

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38

atom

smallest identifiable unit of an element

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39

Gerd Binning and Heinrich Roher

discovered “tunneling” current that allowed them to scan the surface on an atomic scale

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40

what did Binnig and Roher’s discovery lead to?

electron scanning tunneling microscopy

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41

law of conservation of mass

in a chemical reaction matter is neither created or destroyed

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42

law of definite proportions

for a given compound the elements always combine in the same proportion

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43

Law of multiple proportions

2 elements A and B can form different compounds by combining in different proportions and the ratio of these two is itself a small whole numebr

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44

dalton’s atomic theory

-each element is composed of tiny indestructible particles called atoms

-all atoms of a given element have the same mass and other properties that distinguish them from the atoms of other elements

-atoms combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds

-atoms of one element cannot change into atoms of another element. in chemical reaction atoms change the way that they are bound together with other atoms to form a new substance.

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45

jj Thomson

did cathode ray experiment

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46

RA millikan

did oil drop experiment showing that the particle had the same amount of charge as the hydrogen ion as thomson observed in his experiments

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47

electron

negatively charged particle

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48

neutrons

neutral particles

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49

proton

positively charged particles

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50

what is an atomic number?

number of protons

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51

isotope

the same elements but with different mass due to varying number of neutrons.

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52

ion

atoms or groups of atoms with a positive or negative charge

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53

cation

when an atom loses an electron (positive charged ion)

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54

anion

when an atom gains an electron (negative charged ion)

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55

demitri Mendeleev

developed the modern periodic table

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56

periodic law (2 points)

-when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, certain sets of properties recur periodically.

-elements having similar physical and chemical properties fall within a column

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57

how are the elements arranged (left to right)?

in increasing atomic number.

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58

what are rows of the periodic table called?

periods

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59

what are the columns of the periodic table called?

families

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60

areas of the periodic table

main group metals

transition metals

inner transition metals-(lanthanides and actinides)

metalloids

nonmetals

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61

properties of metals

solid at room temp (except mercury)

reflective

conduct heat/electric current

malleable and ductile

lose electrons and form cations

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62

metaloids

can exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals

known as semiconductors (poor conductors of heat)

solid at room temperature

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nonmetals

can be found in all three states of matter

poor conductors of heat or electricity

solids are brittle

gain electrons to become anions

except for H mostly found in the upper right on the periodic table

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64

elements within a family have…

-similar chemical and physical properties

-the same number of electrons

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65

what do metals tend to form?

cations

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66

what do nonmetals tend to form?

anions

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67

what do metaloids form?

tend to form cations but can also form anions

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68

mole

quantity used in chemistry

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69

charge of Zinc

2+

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70

silver charge

1+

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71

what is the charge of aluminum?

3+

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72

compound

made of atoms held together by chemical bonds

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73

bond

attraction force between atoms

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74

ionic bonds

formed between a metal and a nonmetal where an electron transfers from one atom to another. the resulting cation and anion are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces. they are the strongest type of bond. ionically bonded elements are known as ionic compounds

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75

covalent bonds

occur between nonmetal elements. this bond arises from the mutual attraction of 2 nuclei for the same electron (sharing) refered to as molecular compounds. balance between attractive and repulsive forces

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chemical formula

represents the composition of the substance

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77

molecular formula

lists the exact number and types of atoms of which the molecule is composed.

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78

empirical formula

relative type and number of atoms in the compound (simplest ratio)

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79

Atomic elements

they exist by themselves, all metals are atomic

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80

molecular element

doesn’t exist by itself

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81

what net charges does a ionic compound have

zero

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82

naming ionic compounds (including alkali and alkaline earth metals)

metal followed by the nonmetal

nonmetal ending exchanged with “-ide”

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83

type 2 metal and nonmetal ionic

metal then nonmetal

metal’s oxidation state is indicated by roman numerals between the two

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84

hydrates

ionic compounds containing a specific number of waters for each formmula unit

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85

name molecular compounds

name first nonmetal

change ending of second nonmetal to “-ide”

use prefixes on both unless the first one is one (no subscript

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86

acids

release Hydrogen (H+) when disolved in water

sour taste and low pH value (less than 7)

can dissolve many metals

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87

binary acids

have only 2 elements, H+ and a nonmetal

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88

how to name oxyacids

h cation and polyatomicc anion that contain atoms

take bace of nonmetal and add “-ic acid”

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89

is there a difference between atomic weight and atomic mass?

no. it is the mass of one mole of the element

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90

combustion analysis

burning of a known mass of compound and weighing the product. generally used for organic compounds containing C, H, and O and can determine the original amount of constituent elements.

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91

organic compound

mainly made of C, H, sometimes O, N, P and S with traces of other elements (main focus is carbon) bond almost exclusively covalently. when carbon bonds they form straight/branched chains or rings

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92

charge of Sc

3+

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93

phosphate

PO4 charge=3-

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94

Acetate

C2H3O2 charge -1

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95

hydroxide

OH charge -1

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96

carbonate

CO3 charge -2

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97

ammonium

NH4 charge 1+

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98

sulfate

SO4 charge 2-

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99

chromium type 2 metal

Cr 2+ or 3+

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100

Iron type 2 metal

Fe 2+ or 3+

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