Biology Term 2

Nitrogen Cycle, Carbon Cycle, Plant cells, Animal Cells, Specialized cells, Human Impact

How much nitrogen is in the air?

78%

Why is Nitrogen needed?

Its needed for organism to make protein

Is nitrogen reactive?

No. Atmospheric Nitrogen is inert or unreactive.

What do nitrogen fixing Bacteria do ?

They convert atmospheric nitrogen into to nitrates ( NO 3)

What are some ways Nitrogen can be converted?

Lightning, fertilizers, Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

How do plants use Nitrogen

They absorb a more reactive form of nitrogen called nitrates from the soil to make plant proteins.

How do animals use Nitrogen

They would eat plants or other animals that have already eaten plants to get it.

What is the purpose of Decomposers in the Nitrogen Cycle

They break down the bodies of dead plants and animals and there waste products like urine feaces etc.

What do decomposer break them down into?

Ammonia Compounds

What happens to the ammonia compounds after this decomposition.

The ammonia compounds are broken down by nitrifying bacteria to form nitrites then nitrates. Which can be absorbed by plants.

What happens to Nitrates in poorly aerated soil

Denitrifying Bacteria will use the oxygen from the nitrates and will release it back into the atmosphere.

Diagram of Nitrogen Cyclee

How much carbon is in the air

0.04%

What is carbon needed to make?

Carbohydrates, Protein, and Fats

How do plants use carbon dioxide

Plants use carbon dioxide to make food during photosynthesis. The carbon becomes a part of the plant

What happens to the carbon when plants and animals die

Their bodies are first decomposed by decomposers and their waste and absorb the carbon atoms

What factors can cause plants and animals to not decompose

-Lack of oxygen

-High salinity

- ocean floor

How does carbon return to the atmosphere

-When Decomposers respire

-Respiration

-Combustion

What process is carbon removed from the atmosphere

Photosynthesis

Diagram showing Carbon Cycle

What is the type of energy absorbed by producers during photosynthesis

Sunlight energy

What is the type of energy stored in food

Chemical Energy

What are some ways on which energy in the food chain is lost

Respiration, feaces, and movement

Why does energy flow in one direction in a food chain

Because energy flows from producers to consumers

What percent of energy is passed on from each trophic level?

10 %

What are some distinguishing factors of Plant cells

Have a large vacuole

They have a cell wall made up of cellulose

Chloroplast with chlorophyll

Starch grain

What does the large vacuole and chloroplast do?

The chloroplast contains chlorophyll and this is where photosynthesis takes place.

The large vacuole stores nutrients, waste, and regulates water. They also store toxins to deter herbivores but to attract polinators

Label this generalized plant cell

How do you tell the difference between mitochondria and chloroplast

Chloroplast has vertical lines and Mitochondria has horizontal lines

what are some distinguishing factors of a generalized animal cell

They don’t have a cell wall, chloroplast , or chlorophyll

They can be a variety of different shapes

they have glycogen granules as food stores

Diagram of generalized animal cell

What are specialized animal cells

Cells designed to carry out a specific role in the body of organisms in Kingdom Animalia

Name some examples of specialized animal cells

Nerve cells

Muscle Cells

Sperm and Egg cells

Ciliated Cells

What are Muscle Cells

Muscles cells are found in bundles which make up our muscles. These cells are able to contract (get shorter) and relax (return to original length). There are different types of muscle cell, each perfectly adapted to its function:​

What are some types of muscle cells and what do they do

Cardiac cells- They contract and relax to pump blood around or bodies

Smooth cells-Smooth muscle cells make up thin sheets of muscle, such as the stomach lining. They can also be arranged in bundles, or rings, like that in the anus.​

Skeletal Cell- Skeletal muscles are connected to bones. Its cells contract to make muscles move.

What is the function of chloroplast

²

This contains chlorophyll and this is where photosynthesis .

Compare and contrast animal and plant cells

Animal cells have no cell wall. Plants do

Animal cells have no chlorophyll. Plants do

Animal Cells have no chloroplast. Plants do

Plants have a large vacuole. Animals don’t

Microbes include members of what kingdoms

All the members of Kingdom Prokaryote, many members of kingdom Protoctista, and some members of Kingdom of Fungi

What are some examples of specialized plant cells

Xylem, Phloem, Epidermal, Root hair cells

What does the epidermal cell do?

They are the outermost layer of the cell, they protect the plant from any infection and prevents water loss by secreting a waxy layer called the cuticle.

What does the root hair cells do?

They are known was the nutrient absorbers. They absorb water, dissolve nutrients and minerals.

What does the Xylem do?

The xylem cells transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant.

What makes the Xylem cell suitable for this function

The xylems has a hollow interior and strong walls made out of lignin.

What does the Phloem do?

The phloem is the food distributor. This cell transports sugars and proteins.

What is diffusion

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It does not required a semi permeable membrane.

Why is diffusion important to living things?

To gain Oxygen during aerobic respiration and to get rid of Carbon dioxide during the same process.