bio chapter 4 and 5

what do all cells have

genetic material, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and ribosomes

prokaryotic cells

no nucleus, and no membrane bound organelles, have cell walls to maintain shape and protection, and have flagella that allows movement

archea

live in extreme environments, no peptidoglycan, isoprene chain, and is not harmful → binary fission reproduce asexually 

bacteria

cell walls contain peptidoglycan, fatty acid chain, harmful, reproduce asexually → binary fission

plasma membrane

phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins : regulates what passes into and out of the cell ; cell to cell recognition ; connection and adhesive ; cell communication

nucleus

structure that contains chromosomes and is surrounded by double membrane. instructions for protein synthesis and cell reproduction ; contains genetic information

chromosomes

long threads of dan that form a complex with protein. contain hereditary information used to direct synthesis of proteinss

nuclueous

site of genes for Rona synthesis. synthesis of rRna and ribosome assembly

ribosomes

small complex assemblies of protein and ran, often bound to ER. sites of protein syntehsis

ER

network of internal membranes. intracellular compartment forms transport vesicles; participates in lipid synthesis of membrane or secreted proteins

Golgi apparatus

stacks of flattened vesicles, packages proteins for export from cell, forms secretory vesicles

lysosomes

vesicles derived from Golgi apparatus that contain hydraulic digestive enzymes: digest worn out organelles and cell debris; digest material taken up by endocytosis

microbodies

vesicles that are formed from incorporating o flips and proteins that contain oxidative and other enzymes. isolate particular chemical actives from reset of cell

mitochondria

bacteria like elements with double membrane. power plants of the cell; sites of oxidative metabolism

chloroplasts

bacteria like elements with double membrane surrounding a third thylakoid membrane containing chlorophyll. site of photosytnehsis

cy

cytoskeleton

network of proteinfilmanets ; structural support; cell movement; movement of vesicles within cellsf

flagella / cilia

cellular extensiosn with 9+2 arrangement of Paris of microtubules. mobility or moving fluids over surfaces

fell wall

outer layer of cellulose or chitin ; or absent; protection and support

capsule

outermost layer of carbs, sticky, helps teh cell attach to surfaces

cytosekeleton

actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubulesend

endomembrane system : made up of endoplasmic reticululm

smooth er: lipid synthesis and calcium storage

rough er: protein syntehsis

Golgi: sort and pack proteins

lysosome: digestion
vesicles: transport

central vacuole: storage and water balance

nuclear envelope

endosymbiotic theory: 

larger host cells enveloped some of the smaller bacteria → mutual dependency arose → smaller cell received protection, larger one received benefits of energy 

centrosome

cell division and maintaining cell shape/ microtubule organizing center

autophagy

recycling worn out damaged organelles in a lysome

apeoptosis

cell death if cell is too damagedhyd

hydrolosis

breakdown of a compound due to h20 breaks a bound in the other molecule

nuclear envelope:

double membrane. lets retain things in and out due to the pores. keeps chromatic speraterate from the cytoplasm

er

sysnteiszes polypetide, inserted into er lumen where it is folded and modified by enzymes in the er membrane

polypeptide + carbohydrate = glycoprotein

histones

proteins taht eukaryotes wrap dan around, bacteria not included

ecm

network outside the cell made of proteins and carbs. secreted by cells to support and connect them. provides structural support, regulates cell adhesion, directions migration, and etc

glycoproteins → protein + sugar provides communication signaling adhesion and recognizion

proteoglycans: proteins with long sugar chains: retains h20 forms and cushioning gel

collagen: most abundant protein in ECM, strength and structure 

integrins

proteins on cell surface, anchors cells to eco, signals messengers, tells cells to grow move divide or survivejun

junctions: cells stick together to talk to each toher

tight junctions: seal cells together

plasmodemotor (plants) : challons through cell walls → connect plant cells cytoplasm

adheres junctions : connect the cytoskeletons of neighboring cells

gap junctions animals: challons that allows direct cell to cell transfer of ions and small molecules. enables fast signaling between cells

desmosomes: strong cell to cell adhesion via intermediate filaments, gives tissue strength