PITUITARY GLAND

what is located in the Hypophyseal fossa in the Sella Turcica (Pituitary Fossa)?

pituitary gland

pituitary gland is divided into 2 lobes:

Anterior lobe (_______)

Posterior lobe (_______)

adenohypophysis, neurohypophysis

what usually pushes upward when you have a tumor in the pituitary gland?

optic chiasma

in optic chiasma, it usually pushes ______ when you have a ______ in the pituitary gland.

upward, tumor

describe the shape and weight of pituitary gland

oval, pear-shaped organ, 0.4 to 0.9 gms

Portal system of veins?

hypophyseal system

In Hypophyseal System, it is a portal system of veins that connect the _______ to the _____ lobe of the Pituitary gland.

hypothalamus, anterior

The HT secretes Hypothalamic ______ Hormones & ______ Hormones that control the secretions of the _______ pituitary hormones.

releasing, inhibitory, anterior

Important Hypothalamic Hormones

• _____ releasing hormone – causes release of TSH

• _____ releasing hormone – causes release of adrenocorticotropin

• _____ – growth hormone release

• _____ Inhibitory Hormone – inhibits GH

• _____ – LH & FSH

• _____ Inhibitory Hormone

thyroid, corticotropin, GHRH, GH, GnRH, prolactin

Important Hypothalamic Hormones

• Thyroid releasing hormone – causes release of ___

• Corticotropin releasing hormone – causes release of ________

• GHRH – ____ hormone release

• GH Inhibitory Hormone – inhibits ___

• GnRH – ___ & ___

• Prolactin Inhibitory Hormone

TSH, adrenocorticotropin, growth, GH, LH, FSH

if inhibit or releasing that came from _______?

hypothalamus

In Embryology, the two portions of the pituitary originate from different sources!

• Anterior pituitary gland - from _______?

• Posterior pituitary gland - from ______?

Rathke’s pouch, neural tissue outgrowth

what is the origin of anterior pituitary gland?

pharyngeal epithelium explains the epithelioid nature of it

what is the origin of posterior pituitary gland?

neural tissue explains the presence of large numbers of glial-type cells in this gland

The Pituitary gland is called the “________” as it controls many other endocrine glands

master gland

Pituitary gland is controlled by ______ produced by the _______

hormones, hypothalamus

Almost all secretions by the Pituitary is controlled by either _______ or ______ signals from the _______?

hormonal, nervous, hypothalamus

what gland wherein the secretions is controlled by hormones called Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones or Inhibitory Hormones?

anterior pituitary gland

what are the hormones involved in anterior pituitary? (hint: 6 hormones)

GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin

what Stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth of most cells and tissues?

Growth hormone

In GH, Stimulates ________ and overall ______ of most cells and tissues

protein synthesis, growth

what hormone stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenocortical hormones?

adrenocorticotropin

In adrenocorticotropin, stimulates _______ and _______ of adrenocortical hormones?

synthesis, secretion

give 3 ACTH hormones

cortisol, androgens, aldosterone

what hormone stimulates synthesis and secretion of ______ hormones (______ and _______)?

TSH, thyroid, thyroxine, triiodothyronine

what hormone causes growth of follicles in the ovaries and sperm maturation in Sertoli cells of testes?

FSH

In FSH, it causes growth of follicles in the _____ and ________ in Sertoli cells of testes.

ovaries, sperm maturation

what hormone stimulates testosterone synthesis in Leydig cells of testes; stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and estrogen and progesterone synthesis in ovaries?

LH

In LH, it stimulates _______ synthesis in Leydig cells of testes; stimulates _____, formation of _____ ______, and _____ and _______ synthesis in ovaries.

testosterone, ovulation, corpus luteum, estrogen, progesterone

what hormone promotes development of the female breasts and secretion of milk?

Prolactin

In prolactin, it promotes development of the _______ and secretion of _____.

female breasts, milk

It is not synthesized in the _______, but synthesized in the _______ but is stored in this gland, which is why serve as storage.

posterior pituitary, hypothalamus

hormones involved in posterior pituitary? (2 hormones)

oxytocin, ADH or vasopressin

what hormone stimulates milk ejection from breasts and uterine (smooth muscle) contractions?

oxytocin

Oxytocin stimulates _______ from breasts and uterine (smooth muscle) contractions.

milk ejection

what structure synthesizes oxytocin and will be stored in what gland?

paraventricular nucleus, posterior pituitary

what hormone increases water reabsorption by the ______ and causes vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure?

ADH or vasopressin, kidneys

what structure synthesizes ADH and is stored in what gland?

supraoptic nucleus, posterior pituitary

In patients who are having _________ (loss of blood volume), this hormone increases water absorption in the kidneys to _____ patients having it.

hypovolemic shock, avoid

where is GH metabolized rapidly which is part in the?

liver

what is the major effects of GH?

Its major effects are directed to the growth of skeletal muscles & long bones of the body & thus plays a role in determining final body size.

In GH, its major effects are directed to the ______ of skeletal muscles & long bones of the body & thus plays a role in determining ______.

growth, final body size

In GH, it is a protein anabolic hormone and produces _____ nitrogen & phosphorus balance; a ____ in plasma phosphorus & a ____ in BUN (blood urea nitrogen).

positive, rise, fall

what is a rise in ________ & a fall in _____?

plasma phosphorous, BUN

For the effects on CHO & Fat metabolism, GH is a _________ because it increases hepatic glucose output & exerts an anti-insulin effect in muscle.

diabetogenic hormone

It is where, GH promotes a positive calcium, magnesium & phosphate balance.

mineral metabolism

In mineral metabolism, GH promotes a positive ______, _________ & _________. It promotes growth of long bones at the epiphyseal plate in growing children & young adults.

calcium, magnesium, phosphate balance

1. Hypothalamus secretes ____

2. GHRH acts on _________ releasing GH that is metabolized rapidly in the liver

3. Liver produces _______ which has a direct effect on long bones, sm, fat, and other tissues

4. Insulin-like growth factors stimulate _________ by target cells promoting protein synthesis

what feedback wherein the hormone (or one of its products) has a negative feedback effect to prevent oversecretion of the hormone or overactivity at the target tissue?

Negative FB

In Negative feedback, the hormone (or one of its products) has a negative feedback effect to prevent ______ of the hormone or _______ at the target tissue.

oversecretion, overactivity

The controlled variable is often not the secretory rate of the hormone itself but the __________ of the target tissue.

degree of activity

Feedback regulation of hormones can occur at ______.

all levels

Feedback regulation of hormones can occur at all levels

• including gene _____ and ______ steps involved in the synthesis of hormones and steps involved in processing hormones or releasing stored hormones.

transcription, translation

Feedback regulation of hormones can occur at all levels

• including gene transcription and translation steps involved in the ______ of hormones and steps involved in ______ hormones or _______ stored hormones

synthesis, processing, releasing

what inhibits the anterior pituitary?

somatostatin

what directly inhibits anterior pituitary?

IGF-1

what indirectly inhibits anterior pituitary?

stimulation of SS secretion

what are the 3 negative FB mechanisms?

• ultra-short loop

• short loop

• long loop

It is a complex phenomena that is affected not only by GH but also by Thyroid hormones, Androgens, Estrogens, Glucocorticoids & Insulin.

growth

In growth, is a complex phenomena that is affected not only by GH but also by _____, _____, _____, _____ & ______.

thyroid hormones, androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, insulin

what is also affected by genetic factors & largely dependent on adequate nutrition?

growth

In growth, what is the most important extrinsic factor affecting growth?

food supply

In growth, the ____ must be adequate ______ in CHON content but also in essential vitamins & minerals & in calories so that ingested CHON is ______ for energy

diet, not only, not minerals