gmas ela 1

Ethos

Ethical appeal (credibility/trust - 4 out of 5 doctors agree…)

Pathos

Emotional appeal (If we don't adopt this puppy, he will never find a home.)

Logos

Appeal to logic/reason (People who eat chocolate are 72% happier than people who don't.)

Rhetorical Question

A question to which no answer is expected ("Is it hot in here, or what?")

Repetition

Repeating words, phrases, or lines for emphasis (Let it go, let it go!)

Parallelism/parallel structure

The repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures to connect ideas (Is life so dear, or peace so sweet…)

Allusions

References to historically and culturally known events, figures, or phrases.

Figurative language

Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid. (similes, metaphors and personification, and hyperbole.)

Analogy

A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.

Author's purpose

the reason the author is writing about the subject (to entertain, to inform/explain, to persuade)

Connotation

an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.

Diction

the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.

Anecdote

A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event.

Author's Tone

the writer's attitude toward his or her audience and subject

Imagery

Descriptive writing that allows the reader to create an image in their mind using the five senses

Alliteration

the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words

Denotation

the literal meaning of a word

Antithesis

the direct opposite, a sharp contrast

Syntax

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

Simile

a literary term where you use "like" or "as" to compare two different things and show a common quality between them.

Metaphor

a common figure of speech that makes a comparison by directly relating one thing to another unrelated thing.

Alliteration

Words that begin with the same sound are placed close together, a repetition of sounds.

Assonance

the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds within words, phrases, or sentences.

Personification

apply human characteristics and create these metaphors to describe a scene.

Hyperbole

an author or speaker purposely and obviously exaggerates to an extreme.

Onomatopoeia

words whose pronunciations imitate the sounds they describe

Irony

there are two contradicting meanings of the same situation, event, image, sentence, phrase, or story. In many cases, this refers to the difference between expectations and reality.

Verbal Irony

a figure of speech in which the intended meaning of a statement differs from the meaning that the words appear to express

Dramatic irony

when the audience knows something the characters don't — so the characters might get an unexpected outcome, but for the audience it's not unexpected at all.

Situational irony

when the outcome is the opposite or completely different from what was expected.

Foreshadowing

gives the audience hints or signs about the future. It suggests what is to come through imagery, language, and/or symbolism. It does not directly give away the outcome, but rather, suggests it.

Flashback

a device that moves an audience from the present moment in a chronological narrative to a scene in the past

Protagonist

another word for "main character." The story circles around this character's experiences, and the audience is invited to see the world from his or her perspective.

Antagonist

the opposite of the protagonist, or main character. Typically, this is a villain of some kind, but not always! It's just the opponent of the main character, or someone who gets in their way.

Plotline

a sequence of events in a story in which the main character is put into a challenging situation that forces them to make increasingly difficult choices, driving the story toward a climactic event and resolution.

Exposition

the first paragraph or paragraphs in which the characters, setting (time and place), and basic information is introduced.

Rising Action

builds tension or suspense. In other words, this part of the story can also be identified by paying attention to how the audience feels during the story. As long as the feeling of tension or suspense associated with the central conflict continues to increase, you are in this part of the story

Climax

the highest point of tension or drama in a narratives' plot. Often, this part of the story is also when the main problem of the story is faced and solved by the main character or protagonist.

Falling Action

the sequence of events that follow the climax and lead to the resolution of the story

Resolution

the conclusion of the story's plot. It's where any unanswered questions are answered, or "loose ends are tied.

Claim

a type of writing that makes a debatable statement1234 and supports it with evidence and rhetoric

Counterclaim

an opposing argument to the thesis statement in an argumentative essay

Evidence

the information that supports your claim or idea in an essay1. You can include evidence as quotation, paraphrase, or summary

Reasoning

taking new information, such as a quote, and using it to clarify the connection between the quote's information and the thesis of the writing

Rebuttal

ea speech act, argument, or evidence that contradicts or nullifies another's assertions or evidence

Hook

the beginning sentence of the writing. Sets the tone for the rest of the essay or story.

Thesis

Guiding sentence that reveals what the writing is about

Transitions

words or phrases that tell readers that a new thought, paragraph, or section is coming. They are key ingredients that keep writing clear and organized.

reflection

the process of examining and interpreting one's experiences, thoughts, or opinions and how they relate to academic content or personal or professional development

Dialogue

any case of two or more characters speaking to each other directly

Pun

a joke based on the interplay of homophones — words with the same pronunciation but different meanings. It can also play with words that sound similar, but not exactly the same. The joke's humor (if any) comes from the confusion of the two meanings.

Ellipses

a type of punctuation that represents a pause or that something has been intentionally left out. Specifically, it shows that words have been cut from a direct quote, so the reader knows the original passage has been modified. It is shown in writing as three dots or periods to replace the removed material

Interrogative

A sentence with this mood asks a question.

Imperative

A sentence with this mood makes a request or a command. These sentences don't make mild suggestions. Rather, they issue a direct command, telling someone what to do.

Subjunctive

A sentence with this mood expresses a condition that is doubtful, hypothetical, wishful, or not factual. The verb in these sentences will show action, but it may not be based on reality.

Sentences in this mood often include the phrase "If I were." The verb tends to express a doubt, wish, request, demand, proposal, or hypothetical situation.

Conditional

A sentence with this mood contains an auxiliary verb (a helping verb) and a main verb. You'll be able to spot this mood if you see the auxiliary verbs "would" or "should." Sentences in this mood explain that one action is dependent on another.

Indicative

expresses a factual statement, at least from the perspective of the speaker. Most sentences are written in this mood, sharing facts or details that we perceive to be correct. In these sentences, the verb will express some sort of action, as a statement of fact.

Synonym or Restatement

In this type of context clue, the author is conveying the same thing twice. Initially, in a difficult way and then in a simple way. This can often happen in the same sentence itself. In case you do not understand a particular word then you just keep reading it one or more times to understand the flow of the sentence.

Antonym or Contrast

In this type of context clue, the author provides the hints of the meaning of the words or paragraphs and tries to explain what it is about. Generally, the word "but" will be used in the sentence that will show the opposite thought and how it is presented.

Definition or Explanation

This is the simplest form of context clue, where the literal meaning of the word is given to the reader but in the form of explanation. Sometimes the author will add very specific words to tell us an explanation is upcoming. These can include phrases like "which means" or "that is" or "in other words."

General or Inference

These context clues are a bit subtle. They encourage the readers to look beyond the sentence of the content they are reading.

Punctation or Font

In this type of context clues, the clues itself are hidden in the capitalization, italicization, quotation marks, and even parentheses. With these, you can understand that the clues tell the reader that the word could be a name, a book title, or even the word is being defined for us.

Example

The author provides an example (or examples) to help the reader determine the meaning of the word.

Connecting to Prior Knowledge

Considering all that you know of a word's prefix, suffix, or root to determine its meaning

Gerund

a verb that's acting as a noun. The verb—the word that describes the action that's happening—becomes a thing, a concept that can now be the sentence's subject, direct object, indirect object, or the object of a preposition. "biking," "thinking," "running," or "speaking."

It doesn't stop being a verb, but the role it plays in a sentence shifts from describing the action to being a focal point.

Infinitive

Infinitives are a special form of verbs that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. They are usually made by adding the word to before the base verb, and they can be useful when discussing actions without actually doing the action, such as "I want to go home," or "To err is human." (Purest form of the verb)