Introduction to Psychology: Theories and Approaches

Behaviourism

Focuses on environmental influences on behavior.

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory on unconscious mind's influence.

Humanism

Emphasizes individual growth and inherent goodness.

Cognitive Psychology

Studies mental processes and information processing.

Biological Psychology

Examines brain, nervous system, and genetics.

Freud's Iceberg Theory

Describes conscious and unconscious mind structure.

Ego

Rational mind part operating on reality principle.

Id

Instinctual mind part operating on pleasure principle.

Superego

Moral center of the mind regulating behavior.

Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious strategies to protect from anxiety.

Experimental Psychology

Research-focused branch studying various psychological topics.

Applied Psychology

Practical application of psychological theories in real life.

Clinical Psychologists

Professionals diagnosing and treating psychological issues.

Feminist Psychology

Focuses on gender issues in psychological theory.

Cognitive Theory

Explores mental plans affecting behavior and emotions.

Pavlov's Dog

Example of classical conditioning in behaviorism.

Early Childhood Influence

Freud's belief on shaping unconscious behavior.

Carl Jung

Freud's student, expanded on unconscious mind concepts.

Mental Processes

Cognitive psychologists study how information is processed.

Industrial/Organizational Psychology

Applies psychology to workplace settings and issues.

Forensic Psychology

Applies psychological principles within legal contexts.

Conscience

Acts as the mind's moral compass.

Iceberg Model

Freud's analogy for conscious and unconscious mind.

Repression

Unconsciously blocking distressing thoughts.

Denial

Refusal to accept reality or facts.

Projection

Attributing one's own unacceptable feelings to others.

Rationalization

Justifying behaviors with logical reasons.

Intellectualization

Focusing on intellectual aspects to avoid emotional stress.

Reaction Formation

Expressing opposite feelings to conceal true emotions.

Regression

Reverting to earlier developmental stages under stress.

Karen Horney

Neo-Freudian who challenged Freud's views on women.

Feminine Psychology

Focus on women's psychological development and issues.

Neurotic Disorder

Anxiety and fear impacting daily functioning.

Analytic Psychology

Balancing conscious and unconscious aspects of psyche.

Personal Unconscious

Memories unique to the individual.

Collective Unconscious

Shared archetypes and symbols across cultures.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Personality assessment categorizing introversion and extroversion.

Clinical Psychology

Integrates science and theory to address psychological distress.

Personality Psychology

Studies individual patterns of thoughts and behaviors.

Abnormal Psychology

Focuses on unusual behavior patterns and mental disorders.

DSM

Authoritative guide for diagnosing mental disorders.

Developmental Psychology

Study of human change across lifespan.

Stages of Development

Framework for understanding growth patterns.

Psychological Perspectives

Views on thinking, feeling, and acting.

Explicit Attitudes

Conscious beliefs about specific topics.

Implicit Attitudes

Unconscious beliefs influencing behavior.

Cognitive Dissonance

Mental discomfort from conflicting beliefs.

Maslow's Hierarchy

Theory of human motivation and needs.

Reinforcement

Process of encouraging behavior through rewards.

Heredity

Genetic factors influencing development.

Environment

Surroundings affecting individual growth.

Personality

Unique traits influencing behavior and thoughts.

Developmental Stage

Specific period in psychological growth.

Attachment

Emotional bond influencing relationships.

Identity

Sense of self shaped by experiences.

Attitudes

Evaluations that influence behavior and thoughts.

Perception

Interpretation of sensory information.

Consciousness

Awareness of thoughts and surroundings.

Disorders

Mental health issues affecting behavior.

Changing Attitudes

Modifying beliefs to influence behavior changes.

Operant Conditioning

Behavior modification through reinforcement or punishment.

Social Thinking

Automatic judgments made about others during interactions.

Attribution Theory

Explains behavior based on perceived dispositions.

Fundamental Attribution Error

Overemphasis on personality over situational factors.

Stereotypes

Generalized beliefs about groups influencing behavior.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Expectations influence behaviors that confirm those expectations.

Opponent-Process Theory

Different neurons respond uniquely to various colors.

Negative Afterimage Effect

Seeing contrasting colors after viewing an image.

Perceptual Constancy

Recognition of objects as unchanged despite view changes.

Amplitude

Wave size measuring sound intensity.

Frequency

Number of sound waves per unit time.

Mental Illness

Broad term for conditions affecting mental health.

Mental Disorder

Conditions causing distress or functional impairment.

Ethics in Psychology

Considerations for validity and reliability in experiments.

Pavlov

Known for classical conditioning with dogs.

Maslow

Developed hierarchy of needs theory.

Jung

Introduced concepts of collective unconscious and archetypes.

Freud

Pioneered psychoanalysis and theories of the unconscious.

B.F. Skinner

Known for behaviorism and operant conditioning.

Binet

Developed first intelligence test for children.

Classical Conditioning

Neutral stimulus elicits response after pairing.

Hierarchy of Needs

Basic needs must be met before higher needs.

Functional Types

Thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition categories.

Psychometrics

Study measuring personality, ability, and knowledge.

Skinner

Developed behaviorism focusing on observable behaviors.

IQ Test

Measures intelligence through standardized questions.

Asch Conformity Study

Investigated social pressure's effect on judgment.

Little Albert Study

Demonstrated classical conditioning of fear responses.

Monster Study

Tested stuttering theory through labeling normal speech.

Bobo Doll Experiment

Children imitate behavior observed in adults.

Extinction

Conditioned stimulus loses effect without unconditioned stimulus.

Spontaneous Recovery

Reappearance of conditioned response after extinction.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Initially neutral stimulus that elicits response after conditioning.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Stimulus that naturally triggers a response.

Conditioned Response (CR)

Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

Social Pressure

Influence from others affecting individual decisions.

Behaviorism

Psychological approach focusing on observable behaviors.