A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
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carbohydrates
In plants and animals, they have a role as a source of energy. Also has structural function in plants. Occurs in different forms - monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. contain C, H and O
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lipids
Have a role as energy storage molecules in plants and animals. Triglyceride lipids include fats and oils. Fat is solid and oil is liquid. Animalds store fat whereas plants store oil. contains C, H, and O.
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amino acids
building blocks of proteins
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nucleic acid
contains C, H, O, N, and phosphorus. Sub-units are nucleotides, made of a base, sugar, and phosphate group
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anabolism
A type of reaction that builds up monomers to form macromolecules.
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catabolism
Macromolecules are broken down into monomers.
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cohesion
hydrogen bond that makes water molecules stick together. occurs as a result of the polarity of a water molecule and its ability to form hydrogen bonds
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adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances. water tends to stick to other molecules (not water) that are charged or polar, occurs because of water's ability to form hydrogen bonds
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thermal property of water
the temperature of water remains relatively stable because water has a high specific heat capacity, a high heat of vaporization (liquid to gas), and a high heat of fusion (liquid to ice)
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Solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances. water can dissolve organic and inorganic substances that have charged or polar regions
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hydrophilic
substances that are chemically attracted to water
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hydrophobic
substances that are insoluble in and dislike water
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amino acid
building blocks of proteins, soluble in water, transported through blood plasma
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glucose
form of sugar that fuels respiration, found in plants, soluble in water, transported through blood plasma
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oxygen
soluble in water, transported in hemoglobin in red blood cells
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fats
insoluble in water, transported in blood in lipoprotein complexes
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cholesterol
insoluble in water, transported in blood in lipoprotein
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sodium chloride
soluble in water, transported in blood plasma
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Monosaccharides
A single sugar molecule such as glucose, galactose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.
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Disaccharides
sugars that have two subunits linked together by a condensation reaction. These are held together by a strong covalent bond.
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Polysacchrides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides such as lactose, sucrose, and maltose
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galactose
monosacchride, made by plants and animals, found in milk and some cereals
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fructose
monosacchride, made by plants, sweetest naturally occurring carb, found in honey and fruits
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ribose
monosacchride, made by plants and animals, forms the backbone of DNA
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maltose
disacchride, made by plants, found in germinating grain and some corn syrup
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lactose
disacchride, made by animals, found in milk
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sucrose
disacchride, made by plants, table sugar
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cellulose
polysacchride, made by plants, makes up the cell wall of plants
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starch
A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by a glycosidic linkages. amylose = curved chain, amylopectin = branched chain
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glycogen
A polysaccharide stored in animals; the storage form of glucose in animals.
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saturated fats
Contains fatty acids with no C=C double bonds, only C-C single bonds
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polyunsaturated fats
2 or more double bond
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monounsaturated fats
A fatty acid whose molecular structure includes only one double carbon bond.
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cis-isomers
curved/bent, hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the two carbon atoms, loosely packed
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trans-isomers
straight across, hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides of the two carbon atoms, closely packed
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BMI formula
mass in kilograms/(height in meters)^2
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what is the name of the bond formed between three fatty acids and glycerol?
Ester bond
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functions of lipids
structure, hormonal signalling, insulation, protection, and storage of energy. Produces 2x more energy than carbs.
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organic molecules
Compounds that contain at least two Carbon
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Inorganic molecules
Compounds that do not contain Carbon
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Polymers
When many monomers are bonded together
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Condensation Reaction
Two molecules can be joined to form a larger molecule, held by strong covalent bonds. It is an example of an anabolic reaction.
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Hydrolysis Reaction
Involves breaking down polysaccharides, polypeptides and triglycerides into the smaller units of which they are made. It is an example of a catabolic reaction.
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Glycosidic Bond
A type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
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Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.
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Monomer
Single sub-units in metabolism
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Hydrogen bond
when two H2O molecules bond via negative and positive poles
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Triglyceride
A molecule made up of three fatty acids covalently bonded to glycerol with an ester bond