2.1 2.2 2.3 Biology Review

Covalent bonds

A chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

carbohydrates

In plants and animals, they have a role as a source of energy. Also has structural function in plants. Occurs in different forms - monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. contain C, H and O

lipids

Have a role as energy storage molecules in plants and animals. Triglyceride lipids include fats and oils. Fat is solid and oil is liquid. Animalds store fat whereas plants store oil. contains C, H, and O.

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

nucleic acid

contains C, H, O, N, and phosphorus. Sub-units are nucleotides, made of a base, sugar, and phosphate group

anabolism

A type of reaction that builds up monomers to form macromolecules.

catabolism

Macromolecules are broken down into monomers.

cohesion

hydrogen bond that makes water molecules stick together. occurs as a result of the polarity of a water molecule and its ability to form hydrogen bonds

adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances. water tends to stick to other molecules (not water) that are charged or polar, occurs because of water's ability to form hydrogen bonds

thermal property of water

the temperature of water remains relatively stable because water has a high specific heat capacity, a high heat of vaporization (liquid to gas), and a high heat of fusion (liquid to ice)

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances. water can dissolve organic and inorganic substances that have charged or polar regions

hydrophilic

substances that are chemically attracted to water

hydrophobic

substances that are insoluble in and dislike water

amino acid

building blocks of proteins, soluble in water, transported through blood plasma

glucose

form of sugar that fuels respiration, found in plants, soluble in water, transported through blood plasma

oxygen

soluble in water, transported in hemoglobin in red blood cells

fats

insoluble in water, transported in blood in lipoprotein complexes

cholesterol

insoluble in water, transported in blood in lipoprotein

sodium chloride

soluble in water, transported in blood plasma

Monosaccharides

A single sugar molecule such as glucose, galactose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.

Disaccharides

sugars that have two subunits linked together by a condensation reaction. These are held together by a strong covalent bond.

Polysacchrides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides such as lactose, sucrose, and maltose

galactose

monosacchride, made by plants and animals, found in milk and some cereals

fructose

monosacchride, made by plants, sweetest naturally occurring carb, found in honey and fruits

ribose

monosacchride, made by plants and animals, forms the backbone of DNA

maltose

disacchride, made by plants, found in germinating grain and some corn syrup

lactose

disacchride, made by animals, found in milk

sucrose

disacchride, made by plants, table sugar

cellulose

polysacchride, made by plants, makes up the cell wall of plants

starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by a glycosidic linkages. amylose = curved chain, amylopectin = branched chain

glycogen

A polysaccharide stored in animals; the storage form of glucose in animals.

saturated fats

Contains fatty acids with no C=C double bonds, only C-C single bonds

polyunsaturated fats

2 or more double bond

monounsaturated fats

A fatty acid whose molecular structure includes only one double carbon bond.

cis-isomers

curved/bent, hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the two carbon atoms, loosely packed

trans-isomers

straight across, hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides of the two carbon atoms, closely packed

BMI formula

mass in kilograms/(height in meters)^2

what is the name of the bond formed between three fatty acids and glycerol?

Ester bond

functions of lipids

structure, hormonal signalling, insulation, protection, and storage of energy. Produces 2x more energy than carbs.

organic molecules

Compounds that contain at least two Carbon

Inorganic molecules

Compounds that do not contain Carbon

Polymers

When many monomers are bonded together

Condensation Reaction

Two molecules can be joined to form a larger molecule, held by strong covalent bonds. It is an example of an anabolic reaction.

Hydrolysis Reaction

Involves breaking down polysaccharides, polypeptides and triglycerides into the smaller units of which they are made. It is an example of a catabolic reaction.

Glycosidic Bond

A type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.

Monomer

Single sub-units in metabolism

Hydrogen bond

when two H2O molecules bond via negative and positive poles

Triglyceride

A molecule made up of three fatty acids covalently bonded to glycerol with an ester bond