HG&D Midterm

Signs a child is ready for toilet training

Staying dry for at least 2 hours and showing interest in the bathroom

Theory of mind

ability to understand that other people have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives different from one’s own

Self-Control

ability to regulate emotions and behaviors to meet social standards and expectations

Parallel Play

children play near each other without interacting directly

egocentrism

children in this stage have difficulty seeing things from others’ perspectives 

symbolic thinking

children use symbols to represent objects, which is essential for pretend play

conservation

children in this stage struggle with understanding that quantity doesn’t change even if appearance does

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural theory

focuses on the importance of social interactions and language in a child’s cognitive development 

Social Learning Theory

children learn gender roles by observing and imitating adults and receiving reinforcement from their environment

Authoritative parenting

high warmth and high control. Results in children that are self-disciplined, socially competent, and confident

Erikson’s Initiative vs Guilt Stage

early childhood; children begin to plan and undertake new activities. Success leads to initiative, failure results in guilt

Physical Development-Middle Childhood

ages 6-11; typically grow 5-7 lbs and 2-3 in per year. Improved motor skills and coordination

Childhood obesity

has increased due to decreased physical activity

Dyslexia

difficulty reading

Dysgraphia

writing difficulties

Kohlberg’s Moral Development

during middle school, children make moral decisions based on external rewards and punishments

Erikson’s Industry vs Inferiority Stage

children focus on developing skills values by society. Success leads to sense of competence. Failure leads to sense of inferiority

Youth Sports

associated with higher satisfaction with family life, improved physical health, and better social skills

Peer relationships

becomes critical to a child’s emotional development in middle childhood

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

proposes 8 types of intelligence

Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

proposes 3 types of intelligence (Analytical, creative, practical)

Mediation Defiency

occurs when children fail to benefit from a memory strategy because they don’t understand it

History of Developmental Psychology

originally concerned with development up until age 25

Lifespan development

multi-directional and involves many dimensions (physical, cognitive, emotional, psychosocial)

Lifespan

max length of time a species can live under optimal conditions

Life expectancy

predicted number of years a person born in a particular time period can reasonably expect to live

Socioeconomic Status

defined by shared levels of education, income, occupation

Ethnocentrism

belief that ones’ culture is superior to others

Culture

totality of shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior

chronological age

number of years since birth

biological age

how quickly the body is aging compared to the actual chronological age

Nature

inherited traits

nurture

environmental influences

Behaviorism

focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal processes

Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment

impact of observing aggressive behavior on children’s aggressive actions

Freud’s Theory

early childhood shapes personality and behavior

Behavioral Genetics

studies how genes and the environment interact to influence behavior