Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

What are the three domains?

The three domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

Proteobacteria is the origin of

mitochondria

Cyanobacteria is the origin of

chloroplasts

Nucleus, organelles, branch of archaea, phospholipid bi-layer

Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

protists

Nuclear envelop was created bc of…

membrane infoldings

Cytoskeleton was created bc of…

cytoplasmic microtubules

Why is the mitochondria double membraned

bc when the proteobacterium was absorbed it took some of the cell membrane with it

Why can a chloroplast have three membranes?

A eukaryote absorbs a green algae cell (a glorified double membraned chloroplast)

How does the flexible cell wall allow for organelles?

The wall can create folds that allow for specialization within the folds, creates places for organelles to live

Single-celled, DNA is in a ring, binary fission, no cell membrane, no membrane-bound organelles

prokaryotes

Bacteria are…

prokaryotes

Nitrogen fixers

atmospheric N2 into ammonia, air to ground

Nitrifiers

turn ammonia into nitrates, plants are now able to consume

Denitrifiers

turns nitrates into N2, ground to air

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes share…

ribosomes, cell walls, metabolic pathways, ATP use

What type of RNA allows you to differentiate between Archaea and bacteria

rRNA, ribosomal

Common in the soil or the ocean

archaea

No peptidoglycan, lipid monolayer, extremophiles, some obligate anaerobes

Archaea

What is lateral gene transfer?

plasmids are transferred through “bridges”. this donates genetic material to other bacteria. Can also be acquired from the environment

Plasmids are…

the smallest stretch of DNA, have the ability to infiltrate the nucleus

Bacterial cell wall contains…

peptidoglycan

thick layer of peptidoglycan, stains purple

gram positive

thin layer of peptidoglycan inside cell membrane sandwich, stains pink

gram negative

spherical bacteria shape

coccus

spiral bacteria shape

spirillium

rod/sausage bacteria shape

bacillus

produce spores to reproduce

bacteria with branched filaments

Endospores

pack genetic material into package made of cell wall and die, package rehydrated once endospore is in better conditions

single-celled, colony forming, photosynthetic, fixes nitrogen

cyanobacteria

biggest oxygen producer

cyanobacteria

photosynthetic lamellae

folds/indents within the cell wall that allow for photosynthesis to occur without a chloroplast

internal flagella that allows for them to move/spin

spirochaeta

obligate parasite, STDs, pneumonia

chlamydia

largest group of bacteria, nitrogen fixers, e. coli

Proteobacteria

Biofilms are made of…

sticky polysaccharide matrix

Biofilms form by…

bacteria binds to a surface, quorum sensing, larger colony forms, bacterial matrix forms

Biofilms are good bc…

makes cells harder to kill, antibiotic resistance, environmental resistance

Quorum sensing

sending chemicals and establishing communication with other bacteria

Endotoxins

bacteria lyse, rarely fatal

Exotoxins

continual proliferation from living bacteria, highly toxic, often fatal

thermostable proteins that prevent denaturing, prokaryotic, thrive under extreme conditions

extremophiles

oxygen is poisonous, relic of prehistoric life

obligate anaerobes

has both aerobic and anaerobic pathways

facultative anaerobes

requires oxygen

obligate aerobes

get energy from the sun, use CO2

photoautotrophs

get energy from the sun, eat organic material

photoheterotrophs

get energy from inorganic compounds, use CO2 for carbon

chemoautotrophs

get energy from organic compounds, eat organic material

chemoheterotrophs

obligate parasites, infect all forms of life

viruses

What makes up a virus?

Genetic material + capsid, sometimes membrane envelope and spike proteins

not ready to be translated, needs RNA polymerase

negative-sense RNA

ready to be translated

positive-sense RNA

uses host cell to create positive-sense RNA, brings its own RNA polymerase

Negative-sense virus

most abundant and diverse virus group, doesn’t contain RNA polymerase

positive-sense virus