Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

Domains

  • Bacteria

    • Archaea

    • Eukarya

Eukaryotes

  • Possibly multicelled

    • Nucleus

    • Branch off of archaea

    • Membrane-bound organelles

Endosymbiosis theory
  • Cyanobacteria

    • chloroplasts

    • Protobacteria

    • mitochondria

    • Phospholipid bi-layer


Protists

  • Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi

    • Acquiring organelles

    • Flexible cell surface that allows them to have infoldings

    • These folds make cell compartments, these compartments have specialization

    • Organelles are double membraned because when they entered the protist they took some of the cell wall with them.

    • Mitochondria, used to detoxify O2

    • cyanobacterium enters a cell, chloroplast has two membranes

    • Eukaryote engulfs a green algae cell

      • Green algae cell becomes a chloroplast, has three membranes

    • Nuclear envelope - membrane infoldings

    • Cytoskeleton - cytoplasmic microtubules

Prokaryotes

  • Single celled

    • DNA is in a ring

    • Plasmids add DNA

    • No mitosis

    • Binary fission

    • Cell wall, not cell membrane

    • No nucleus

    • No organelles

    • Bacteria are prokaryotes

    • Important decomposers

Nitrogen cycle
  • Nitrogen fixers

    • Convert atmospheric N2 to ammonia

    • Air to ground

    • Nitrifiers

    • Ammonia to nitrate

    • Soil to soil

    • Nitrogen is now consumable by plants

    • Denitrifiers

    • Nitrate to N2

    • Soil to air


  • Both

    • Ribosomes

    • Cell wall

    • Metabolic pathways

    • Respiration

    • Photosynthesis

    • ATP

Archaea

  • Extremophiles

    • rRNA allows you to differentiate between Archaea and Bacteria

    • Common in soil or the ocean

    • Prokaryotic

    • No peptidoglycan

    • Lipid monolayer

    • Some are obligate anaerobes

Bacteria

Lateral Gene Transfer
  • Bacteria transfer plasmids through “bridges” which donates genetic material to another bacteria

    • Plasmids are the smallest stretch of DNA

    • Have the ability to target the nucleus and alter DNA, GMO

    • Bacteria from environment

    • Common for antibiotic resistance

    • Makes it difficult to interpret genome analysis

Bacterial Cell Wall
  • Peptidoglycan

    • Takes the place of cellulose

    • Gram positive

    • Thick outside layer of peptidoglycan

    • Stains purple, blue stain bonds to PepGly

    • Gram negative

    • Cell envelope, thin peptidoglycan in a phospholipid bilayer sandwich

    • Stains pink, stain does not bond

Shapes
  • Coccus

    • Sphere

    • Cock and balls

    • Bacillus

    • Rod

    • Back should be straight rod

    • Spirillum

    • Spiral

    • Bacillus and Spirillum can form chains/clusters

    • Chains form during division when cells fail to separate

    • Branched filaments

    • Produce spores in order to reproduce

Endospores
  • Nutrients scarce? Simply pack your genetic material into a cell wall package and wait for that package to be rehydrated!

    • Rest of the cell dies

    • Food poisoning

Cyanobacteria
  • Single-celled, form colonies

    • Photosynthetic

    • Fix nitrogen

    • heterocyst

    • Big oxygen producers

    • Photosynthetic lamellae

    • Those little indents in the cell wall that allow for photosynthesis to take place

    • Works in place of a chloroplast

    • Origin of chloroplasts in Eukaryotes

Spirochaeta
  • Internal flagella that allows them to move around

    • Syphilis, Lyme

    • Chlamydia

    • Obligate parasite

    • STDs, pneumonia

Protobacteria
  • Where the mitochondria was derived from

    • Largest group of bacteria

    • Nitrogen fixers

    • Rhizobium, legumes

    • Escherichai coli

Biofilms
  • Sticky polysaccharide matrix

    • Makes cells harder to kill, antibiotic resistance, environmental resistance

    • Dental plaque

    • Bacteria binds to a surface, a larger colony forms, the bacterial matrix forms

Quorum sensing
  • Sending chemicals and establishing communication with other bacteria

    • Attracts more bacteria to the biofilm area

Human Microbiomes
  • Important to our health

    • Antibiotics deplete them

Endotoxins
  • Lyse: bacterial puncture/death

    • Rarely fatal

    • Salmonella

Exotoxins
  • Released by living bacteria, continual proliferation

    • Highly toxic, often fatal

    • Black plague

Extremophiles

  • Prokaryotic

    • Bacteria and archaea

    • Thrive under extreme conditions

    • Radiation, temperature, pH, salinity, heavy metals

    • Thermostable proteins that prevent denaturing

    • Not as abundant

Metabolic pathways

  • Obligate anaerobes

    • Oxygen is poisonous

    • Those homies that live inside termites

    • Relic of prehistoric life

    • Facultative anaerobes

    • Both aerobic and anaerobic pathways

    • Obligate aerobes

    • Require oxygen

    • Photoautotrophs

    • Produce their energy from the sun, photosynthesise

    • Use CO2

    • Photoheterotrophs

    • Use the sun for energy but have to consume organic material in order to get carbon

    • Chemoautotrophs

    • Get energy from inorganic compounds

    • Use CO2 for carbon

    • Chemoheterotrophs

    • Get energy from organic compounds as well as their carbon

    • Humans

Viruses

  • Infectious particles

    • Obligate parasites

    • Need a host to survive

    • DNA or RNA

    • This is not typical

    • Infect all forms of life

    • Grouped based on genome structure

    • Hard to classify based on physiological differences

What makes up a virus?
  • Genetic material: RNA or DNA

    • A viral capsid

    • Protein around genetic material

    • Some have a membrane envelope and spike proteins

    • Similar to cell membrane

    • Virus can leave cell and steal membrane

Negative-sense
  • Has negative-sense RNA that is not ready to be translated

    • Uses the host cell to create positive-sense RNA

    • RNA polymerase helps it convert from negative to positive

Positive-sense
  • RNA ready to be translated

    • Doesn't need to bring its own RNA polymerase

    • Host already has it

    • Most abundant and diverse group

    • Covid

    • Mosaic viruses

      • Just genetic material and capsid


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Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

Domains

  • Bacteria
    • Archaea
    • Eukarya

Eukaryotes

  • Possibly multicelled
    • Nucleus
    • Branch off of archaea
    • Membrane-bound organelles

Endosymbiosis theory

  • Cyanobacteria
    • chloroplasts
    • Protobacteria
    • mitochondria
    • Phospholipid bi-layer

Protists

  • Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi
    • Acquiring organelles
    • Flexible cell surface that allows them to have infoldings
    • These folds make cell compartments, these compartments have specialization
    • Organelles are double membraned because when they entered the protist they took some of the cell wall with them.
    • Mitochondria, used to detoxify O2
    • cyanobacterium enters a cell, chloroplast has two membranes
    • Eukaryote engulfs a green algae cell
      • Green algae cell becomes a chloroplast, has three membranes
    • Nuclear envelope - membrane infoldings
    • Cytoskeleton - cytoplasmic microtubules

Prokaryotes

  • Single celled
    • DNA is in a ring
    • Plasmids add DNA
    • No mitosis
    • Binary fission
    • Cell wall, not cell membrane
    • No nucleus
    • No organelles
    • Bacteria are prokaryotes
    • Important decomposers
Nitrogen cycle
  • Nitrogen fixers
    • Convert atmospheric N2 to ammonia
    • Air to ground
    • Nitrifiers
    • Ammonia to nitrate
    • Soil to soil
    • Nitrogen is now consumable by plants
    • Denitrifiers
    • Nitrate to N2
    • Soil to air
  • Both
    • Ribosomes
    • Cell wall
    • Metabolic pathways
    • Respiration
    • Photosynthesis
    • ATP

Archaea

  • Extremophiles
    • rRNA allows you to differentiate between Archaea and Bacteria
    • Common in soil or the ocean
    • Prokaryotic
    • No peptidoglycan
    • Lipid monolayer
    • Some are obligate anaerobes

Bacteria

Lateral Gene Transfer
  • Bacteria transfer plasmids through “bridges” which donates genetic material to another bacteria
    • Plasmids are the smallest stretch of DNA
    • Have the ability to target the nucleus and alter DNA, GMO
    • Bacteria from environment
    • Common for antibiotic resistance
    • Makes it difficult to interpret genome analysis
Bacterial Cell Wall
  • Peptidoglycan
    • Takes the place of cellulose
    • Gram positive
    • Thick outside layer of peptidoglycan
    • Stains purple, blue stain bonds to PepGly
    • Gram negative
    • Cell envelope, thin peptidoglycan in a phospholipid bilayer sandwich
    • Stains pink, stain does not bond
Shapes
  • Coccus
    • Sphere
    • Cock and balls
    • Bacillus
    • Rod
    • Back should be straight rod
    • Spirillum
    • Spiral
    • Bacillus and Spirillum can form chains/clusters
    • Chains form during division when cells fail to separate
    • Branched filaments
    • Produce spores in order to reproduce
Endospores
  • Nutrients scarce? Simply pack your genetic material into a cell wall package and wait for that package to be rehydrated!
    • Rest of the cell dies
    • Food poisoning
Cyanobacteria
  • Single-celled, form colonies
    • Photosynthetic
    • Fix nitrogen
    • heterocyst
    • Big oxygen producers
    • Photosynthetic lamellae
    • Those little indents in the cell wall that allow for photosynthesis to take place
    • Works in place of a chloroplast
    • Origin of chloroplasts in Eukaryotes
Spirochaeta
  • Internal flagella that allows them to move around
    • Syphilis, Lyme
    • Chlamydia
    • Obligate parasite
    • STDs, pneumonia
Protobacteria
  • Where the mitochondria was derived from
    • Largest group of bacteria
    • Nitrogen fixers
    • Rhizobium, legumes
    • Escherichai coli
Biofilms
  • Sticky polysaccharide matrix
    • Makes cells harder to kill, antibiotic resistance, environmental resistance
    • Dental plaque
    • Bacteria binds to a surface, a larger colony forms, the bacterial matrix forms
Quorum sensing
  • Sending chemicals and establishing communication with other bacteria
    • Attracts more bacteria to the biofilm area
Human Microbiomes
  • Important to our health
    • Antibiotics deplete them
Endotoxins
  • Lyse: bacterial puncture/death
    • Rarely fatal
    • Salmonella
Exotoxins
  • Released by living bacteria, continual proliferation
    • Highly toxic, often fatal
    • Black plague

Extremophiles

  • Prokaryotic
    • Bacteria and archaea
    • Thrive under extreme conditions
    • Radiation, temperature, pH, salinity, heavy metals
    • Thermostable proteins that prevent denaturing
    • Not as abundant

Metabolic pathways

  • Obligate anaerobes
    • Oxygen is poisonous
    • Those homies that live inside termites
    • Relic of prehistoric life
    • Facultative anaerobes
    • Both aerobic and anaerobic pathways
    • Obligate aerobes
    • Require oxygen
    • Photoautotrophs
    • Produce their energy from the sun, photosynthesise
    • Use CO2
    • Photoheterotrophs
    • Use the sun for energy but have to consume organic material in order to get carbon
    • Chemoautotrophs
    • Get energy from inorganic compounds
    • Use CO2 for carbon
    • Chemoheterotrophs
    • Get energy from organic compounds as well as their carbon
    • Humans

Viruses

  • Infectious particles
    • Obligate parasites
    • Need a host to survive
    • DNA or RNA
    • This is not typical
    • Infect all forms of life
    • Grouped based on genome structure
    • Hard to classify based on physiological differences
What makes up a virus?
  • Genetic material: RNA or DNA
    • A viral capsid
    • Protein around genetic material
    • Some have a membrane envelope and spike proteins
    • Similar to cell membrane
    • Virus can leave cell and steal membrane
Negative-sense
  • Has negative-sense RNA that is not ready to be translated
    • Uses the host cell to create positive-sense RNA
    • RNA polymerase helps it convert from negative to positive
Positive-sense
  • RNA ready to be translated
    • Doesn't need to bring its own RNA polymerase
    • Host already has it
    • Most abundant and diverse group
    • Covid
    • Mosaic viruses
      • Just genetic material and capsid