ROBY Final Exam Review

How did Hawaii become a US territrory?

Wealthy sugar planters and the US military seize power from the queen.

Fourteen Points, Secret Alliances

1/1919, 27 country delegates to peace conference Palace Versallies, President Wilson with plan;

• 1st 5 end causes war by free trade/seas, disarm, negotiate colonial disagree, end secret alliances

• 8 about national self-determination

  • Last for LoN; protect peace by respect/defend territory/polt. independence

Who estabished woman’s suffrage as a priority at the first women’s rights convention in 1848?

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Immigration

Returned pre-war levels 1921; scapegoated for bombings, strikes, recession - blamed taking soldiers’ jobs. Laws becamer more strict with nativism; Emergency Quotas Act per ethniticy; Nat oirigns Act made permanenet. Mexicans could because Western Hemisphere; nonwhite attacked by nativists and SC.

Ku Klux Klan

Want restrict immigration; targeted Roman Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and “Un-American” - nativist. Members down 1920s with scandals and power struggle, issue deprived (immigration).

Agriculutral Adjustment Act

Based opn belief farmers and business suffer because llower prices, higher production due to WW1. Admin pay farmer NOT to raise some livestock/crops/dairy; farmers withdrew mil acres, +$1 bil support, but tenant farmers lost jobs and lords not pay them portion. Southern Tenant Farmers Union to get pay. SC unconstitutional 1936.

Great Depression, Stock Market Crash of 1929 FLASHCARD

Caused by the stock market crash October 1929; it undermined economic strength. Corporations did not invest and cut production as customers cut down spending; workers were let go. Umemployment rose in the year and quickly, employed saved money in case. Hoover tried inspire confidence stop bank runs; he want more public works and money for bank corporate loans. Ppl marched in portest; immigrants returned to their countrries; FDR’s New Deal improved economy and jobs.

Massive Umemployment

Rose during stock market crash from 3.2% 1929 to 8.7% 1930; peaked 22.9% 1932; grew from election to inaug FDR.

National Recovery Administration FLASHCARD

Made by National Industrial Recovery Act June 1933, allowed to susped antitrust laws and allow business/labor/gov co-op with rules each industry. Codes set price, min. wage, shortened hrs to boost jobs, allowed unions - wide rules fair comp, dif. to admin and employers not like union/min wage, up price. Indus prod. fell;’ SC unconstituional 1935.

Public Works Administration

June 1933, 1/3 nat. unemployed in construction - built highways, dams, schools, gov. facilities; undiscrim. By fall, not sig. fall umemploy so replaced CWA. Significant cut 1937; leaders cite Keynaism to heavy spend bounce back, 1938 ask Congress $3.75 B pay for.

Works Progress Administration

New Deals’ largest public works program; 1935-1941 employed 8.5 million, $11 B spend build +650,000 mi road, 853 airports, +124,000 birdges, +8,000 pakrs. Federal Project Number 1 employed artists. Cut spend 1937; lead cite Keynaism, refianced 1938.

Okinawa was important for the Americans to capture because it

was close enough to mainland Japan and big enough for a base.

Many Americans wanted the country to remain neutral because

they knew the US still has unpaid debts from WW1

The Truman Doctrine promised that the US would

aid any group fighting communsim.

Reagan and Gorbachev’s signing of the INF Treaty was dependent on

the Sovietgovernment’s committment to making economic and political reforms.

Antibiotics

Helped cure contagious TB carriers before they spread to others.

Arthur Miller

In 1953, made play The Crucible, a thinly veiled criticism of Communist witch hunts. Still a cautionary tail about how hysteria leads to false accusations.

HUAC, Ronald Reagan NOTECARD

The House Un-American Activities Committee, which held public hearings to expose Communists, sympathesizers, and “fellow travelers”. FBI agents infiltrated Communist groups and wiretapped phones. Lots were punished for violating the Smith Act - can’t advocate, advise, or teach destroying the government. 1st hearings, 1947, focused film industry as cultural force which Communists used spread ideas/influence. Reagan, head Screen Actors’ Guild, testified Communists in Hollywood. “Hollywood Ten”, screenwriters, used 5th Amend to avoid self-incrimination. Blacklisting of Communists/uncooperative.

I Led Three Lives

1953 weekly TV series about an undercover FBI double agent, also Communist Party official, debut.

I was a Communist for the FBI

Matt Cretic, FBI undercover informant who secretly invaded Communist party, put stories in Saturday Evening Post in 1950, made into movie 1951.

Jonas Salk, Polio Vaccine

Research scientist, developed injectable polio vaccine that went public in 1955. Albert Sabin developed oral, safer and convenient, made disappear.

Military Defense Spending

JFK increased this spending, adding jobs and boosting economic growth.

Red Scare of the 1950s ()

Began September 1945 clerk in Canda’s Soviet embassy showed docs with Soviet effort invade government agencies US/CAN for bomb info. 1947, Truman establish loyalty review program. 1948 Chambers (magazine editor and Communist) claimed gov officials also Communist. Project Venona revealed Soviet Union spy messages. Local/state governments started; used against civil rights/queer. 1950, McCarthy claimed list State Department Communists, anxious US believe.

Walk East on Beacon

1952, features FBI acitivities in spy case.

“Massive Resistance”, Byrd

Brown v. Board angered many white Southerners, led to support segregation. Most school districts (some Upper South didnt) were angry and opposed, Senator Byrd (VA) told them to mount this. Byrd with Thurmond also 1956 “Southern Manifesto” denounce Brown, pledge reverse legally. Also filibustered Civil Rights Act 1964.

Separate but Equal Doctrine

1896 Plessy v. Ferguson, law that segregate A-A from whites legal if equal facilities provided - never were. Overturned by Brown.

Affirmative Action

Way to solve discrimination through executive orders and and federal policies - targeting minorities for more job opportunities. “Consequence” - reverse discrimination against Caucasian males. 1978 SC Regents v. Bakke ruled against quota system.

Birmingham Campaign

Began MArch 1963; slow, April MLK arrest march w/out permit; religious leaders wrote to Birmingham Times about it being a bad time. By excerpts on newspaper margins and tissues, King’s lawyer smuggled Letter from a Birmingham Jail. May, children marched - arrested in droves, vans until buses, used fire hoses and police dogs.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

1954 SC gen ruling school seg, one case Linda Brown, not neighborhood school, told go all-black across town. Parents and NAACP sued school board; SC unianimously ruled public school segregation illegal, led to desegregation.

Civil DIsobedience

Used to fight unjust laws. Ex: Farmer and CORE sit-in to integrate resturants, and SNCC’s student sit-ins at Woolworth’s in Greensboro, or the Freedom Riders in AL. Rosa Parks boycott as well.

Civil Rights Act of 1964*

After Birmingham, Kennedy supported new civil rights bill through Congress. To speed up and draw attention, march on Washington. After Johnson president, bill stuck in House Rules Committee - chairman Smith wanted to delay to get violence backlash and then public disapprove. Filibuster by Southern democrats ended when Humphrey garnered support and Dirksen modified. Made segregation/racism/discrimination illegal in public places.

De facto integration (Segregation?)

De facto segregation by custom/traditions; usually in places with nondiscriminatory laws.

George Wallace

At inaguration as AL governor, declared segregation forever. 1963, blocked 2 A-A students enroll Uni. AL; federal officials ordered to move, but refused, Kennedy ordered AL Nat. Guard, so then stepped aside.

Malcolm X

By 1960, symbol Black Power. Joined Nation of Islam (Black nationalism), used X as unknown family name of ancestors stolen by slavery. Critique of whites/civil rights made Nation of Islam popular; 1964, however, left because scandal. Criticized until shot 2/1965. Inspired black power/nationalism, economic independence - Black Panther.

March on Washington

Planned to speed Civil Rights Act 1964 legislative process, and grow support - Randolph suggested, Rustin Deputy Director, began to organize and plan. 8/28/1963, +200,000 speeches and songs - I Have a Dream; built momentum for bill.

School desegregation*

Medger Evers denied Uni MI law 1954; sued but lost, though involved with NAACP. 9/1957, school board LR, AK fed. order 9 A-A into CHS; Faubus order AK Nat. Guard not allow; after Eisenhower and Faubus met, Faubus redacted but left to mob. Eisenhower sent 101st Airborne Division; Faubus closed all schools.

Segregation

Civil rights movement fought it in public places and schools.

Sit-Ins

Farmer and CORE sit-ins to integrate resturants by shaming. 1959, Greensboro 4 students Woolworth sit-ins, spread, could dictate pace of change through nonviolence.

How did the domino theory influence US involvement in Vietnam?

US feared that if US fell to Communsim, others would too

Why did Ho Chi Minh establish the Vietminh?

To expel the Japanese

How did US military strategy change under Westmoreland?

Changed from advisory to direct combat

Events at My Lai highlighted

The secrecy and immorality of the war

Ohio National Guard fired on students at Kent State in 1970 because

Students refused to disperse during protest

What did Vietnamization entail?

Gradual withdrawal of US troops and greater engagement of South Vietnam.

What warfare is Ronald J. Glasser describing?

guerilla warfare

NOW cofounder Pauli Murray

Stopped talking of queer relations during Red Scare. Fought discrimination of race, gender, and sexual orientation. Became disillusioned with NOW due to move away racial/econ justice. Jane Crow - double discrimination.

Amnesty to certain undocumented immigrants

Through Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, amnesty if prove enter before January 1st, 1982 and lived here since.

Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta

In 1960s with Dolores Huerta formed Nat. Farm Workers Assoc. Agri. Workers Org. Committee (AWOC) 1965 table grape protest - recog unions, better pay and benefits. NFWA joined; 1966 merged UFW (United Farm Workers). Hunger Strike 1968 for nonviolence/attention.

Emigration from northern and western Europe; Immigration Act of 1965, migration chains

After national origins quota system 1920s, favored these immigrants. However, Immigration Act of 1965 stopped quotas to prefer skilled people/close US citizen relatives. Led to migration chains; however, limit Western Hemisphere immigrants

Loving v. Virginia*

Richard and Mildred Loving, white man and A-A/Native woman went to Washington 1958 while living in VA to get married, arrested when came back break interracial marriage laws. Sentenced 1 yr prison but revoked if lived somewhere else; moved Washington and SC appeal, as Virigina state/SC rejected - and ruled law illegal. USed argue right same-sex marriages.

Undocumented Immigrants

1954, Eisenhower tried to deport from Mexico but often deported legal too. Immigration Act 1965 also caused uptick Mexican because harder to legally. Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act 1996 made easier deport.

What was one component of Nixon’s “Southern Strategy”?

He promised to resist the reforms of the civil rights movement.

Nixon established emissions standards for factories and cars through the passage of

the Clean Air Act.

The group ACT UP formed to represent the interests of

those suffering from AIDS

Supporters of Reaganomics argued that it would help the poor by

providing tax cuts that allowed businesses to create new jobs

During the 1992 Presidential election, why did some voters feel that President Bush had betrayed them?

He supported a tax increase after promising not to support any new taxes.

What effect did the Family and Medical Leave Act have on workers?

It protected workers’ jobs during extended family absences

The American Association of Retired Persons mainly focuses on issues related to

Medicare/Social Security spending

“America First”*

Used by Trump to explain his decisions; used by Wilson for WW1 American Neutrality and HArding for why America not in LoN. Associated with isolationism; Trump, meant stop involve “forever wars” in Middle East, bringing overseas troops home, and reducing spending ME/E Asia ally defense.

al-Qaeda

Started by bin-Laden to recruit Muslins, find and arm Afghan rebels. Run from camps Sudan but return Afghanistan 1996 after Taliban take over. 1998, call kill Americans, bombed embassies Tanzania and Kenya. 1999, arrested after try explosives Seattle Washington. 2000, crashed explosive boat USS Cole in Yemen; 2001, 9/11.

Black Lives Matter NOTECARD

2012, teen Trayvon Martin killed night convieneience store; Zimmermann of neighborhood watch followed, called 911 and then shot. Outrage at acquittal = hashtag; A-A womn Garza, Cullors, and Tometi made into movement. 2014, Michael Brown killed by officer Wilson, protests in Ferguson, Missouri, violent when not indicted - curfew and Obama calm. April 2015, arrest death of Freddie Gray Baltimore also protest. Charleston, June 2015, white supremacist killed 9 at prayer meet, took down Confed flag. Called defund police. Trump critic. Lauren Underwood called for an end to racism through policy due to protest.

CARES Act

After National Emergency, Congress passed avoid economic collapse. Corona Aid, Relief, Economic Secuirty Act - $2.2 T gov spending, biggest ever, $ all US, better umemploy benefits, loans to coporations without business, loans forgived small businesses keep employees

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

1980s, discovered affected ozone, common fridges and AC, US and others agree phase out chems affecting ozone.

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals*

2012, Obama executive order made program, allow undocumented children stay 2 years (renewable) and get work permits. Critics argued violate immigration law and can;t change fed. law with executive order; supporters said not their fault and have limited ed and jobs. Trump against but want deal keep children; June 2017, 4 states threat sue fed. gov if not redact; At Gen. say not hold up court, so off after 6 months; lawsuits, SC redact 2020, no reason to stop.

Federal Emergency Management Agency

During Hurricane Katrina, led Michael Brown; took days set up New Orleans, so Brown resigned.

Hurricane Katrina FLASHCARD

8/29/2005, spread FL to LA, killing ~1,200. Water spilled into New Orleans because Army Corps of Engineers levees unmaintained. People evacuated Superdome, Houston Astrodome. Resued by US Coast Guard, LA Nat, citzens; public health emergency. Mayor not order mandatory evacuations until less day away, no transport ppl without cars; Bush came pledged money, $200 B Congress approval.

Kyoto Protocol

1997, EU and many concerned by global warming signed reduce emissions. US reps signed, but Senate did not ratify and Bush took out 2001 due to flaws.

National Security Administration NOTECARD

During War on Terror, wiretapped domestic calls to internaion if believed at least one suspected al-Qaeda. When public by 2005 news, controversial; 2006 fed. judge declare unconstitutional, but yr later appeals court overturn. When Congress legislation on, Bush shut down, declared now need warrant.

Paris Agreement

2015, pledged lower C emissions so gloabl warming less than 2 C; Obama ratified with executive action to bypass Senate; 2017, Trump withdraw but 2021 Biden executive order rejoin

President Donald Trump

More isolationist; renegotiated trade/tariffs, pushed tax cuts, end forever wars - withdraw most Syria, negotiate with Taliban so out Afghanistan, North Korea talks, built wall and against illegal immigrant. Shifted SC to conservative.

Rachel Carson

Wrote 1962 Silent Spring against pesticides (like DDT) because birds/fish ate mosquitoes died; bestseller, chem seller controversy but most believed.

September 11th, 2001

Attacks on the US by al-Qaeda, 4 planes hijacked, 2 WTC TT, 1 Shanksville, PA, 1 Pentagon

United Nations

Proposed British Mandate of Palestine borken into Arab and Jewish State; imposed economic sanctions on Iran due to nuclear security.