APUSH review Units 1-4

Jamestown

founded by Virginia company; problems included poor drinking water, mosquitos, diseases from mosquitos, lazy men looking for gold instead of provisions, no women

Plymouth

small colony

fur trappers,fishermen,lumber jacks

agricultural

peaceful with natives

Separists

Massachusetts Bay Colony

extremely religious

fishermen, shipbuilders

fought with natives

industrial

Nonseperatists

salutory neglect

England only weakly enforces laws in America

Georgia, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania

most religiously tolerant colonies

First Great Awakening

widespread revival that led to reform and large changes in America

Spanish Colonization

the first to begin colonizing the Americas, colonized St. Augustine, Florida; conquistadores,Roman Catholic missionaries, "black legend"

English Colonization

buccaneers, Protestant missionaries, initially failed at colonization (Roanoke Island, Jamestown etc.), joint-stock companies

French Colonization

coureurs de bois, fur trappers, Canada, French Catholic missionaries

1754 Albany Congress

intercolonial congress, short range purpose- provide Indians with guns to keep them on the side of the British; long range purpose-achieve greater colonial unity and bolster a better defense against France

Edmund Andros

established headquarters of the Dominion of New England in Puritanical Boston generating much hostility by his affiliation with the Church of England. conscientious but tactless man

John Smith

saved Jamestown from collapsing, "he who shall not work shall not eat"

Cotton Mather

puritan clergyman and avid scientist

John Winthrop

first govenor of Massachusetts Bay Colony "whe shall be as a city upon a hill"

Anne Hutchinson

claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man(antinomiasnism), accused of heresy, banished to Rhode Island

Calvinism

predestination, signs of conversion,visible saints, Puritans,

Proclamation of 1763

prohibited settlement in the areas beyond the Appalachians

Georgia

last of the 13 colonies, safe state for debtors

King William's and Queen Anne's Wars

pitted British colonists againts the French trappers, using whatever Indian allies available. introduction of guerilla warfare

War of Jenkins's Ear

aroused from the cutting off of an English officer's ear by a Spanish commander. fought in the caribbean seas and Georgia

French and Indian War

started on American soil as opposed to European soil. touched off by George Washington over a dispute between America and France for Ohio Valley territory

mercantilism

wealth is power, a country's economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury

Boston Tea Party

British East India Company was given a monopoly of the American tea business to keep it from going out of business. To protest, men disguised as Indians jumped aboard the ships at night and dumped all the tea into the Boston Harbor.

Bacon's Rebellion

frustrated frontiersman resented Virginia govenor, William Berkeley's friendly policies towards the Indians who were thriving while they were starving. Nathaniel Bacon led a revolt where the killed many Indians and set fire to Virginia's capital

Shay's Rebellion

impoverished back country farmers were losing their farms from mortgage foreclosures. Rebelled and demanded that the state issue paper money, lighten taxes and suspend property takeovers. Authorities responded with drastic action, raising a small army and crushing the rebellion.

mobocracy

unbridled republicanism and an insatiable appetite for liberty. Scared the elite class, measures were made to guard against this.

Treaty of Paris

ended the 7 years war, had negative effects on the native Indians

Federalists

favored strong federal government, strict interpretation of the constitution, power and influence on their side. George Washington, Benjamin Franklin

Antifederalists

opposed strong federal government, loose interpretation of the constitution.feared that the government would require all debts to be payed off at full value. Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry

Townshend Acts

light import tax on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

when a territory has a population of 60,000 it will be admitted by Congress as a state. also forbade slavery in the Old Northwest (excluding those already there)

Stamp Act

mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps (certifying payment of tax) on bills for 50 different trade items as well as legal and commercial documents.

Common Sense

nowhere in the universe did a smaller body control the larger one so why should America be controlled by Britain?

New Jersey Plan

the small state plan, equal representation in Congress regardless of size or population (Articles of Confederation)

Alexander Hamilton

Secretary of the Treasury, financial wizard; funding at par:federal government pays off debts at face value plus accumulated interest.

10th Amendment

powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the state and the people

Virginia (Madison) Kentucky(Jefferson) Resolutions

stressed that the 13 states had created a compact on its jurisdiction, the national government was the agent or creation of the states and therefore the states were the final judges of whether the national government had broken the original contract.

Bill of Rights

first 10 amendments to the constitution, safeguards some of the most precious American principles.

Treaty of Ghent

Britain and America agreed to stop fighting and to restore conquered territory. ended the War of 1812, simply ignored all the grievances

Revolution of 1800

the first non bloody shift of power and political parties during that time.

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

proclaimed American's official neutrality in the French Revolution and sternly warned Americans to stay impartial towards both armed camps. a major prop of the spreading isolationist tradition.

Hartford Convention

demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed new states admitted or war declared. abolish 3/5 clause in the constitution, limit presidents to a single term and to prohibit the election of 2 successive presidents ffrom the same state. lead to the death of the Federalist party.

Embargo Act of 1807

forbade the export of all goods from the US in order to "coerce" Britain and France

judicial review

the idea that the Supreme Court alone had the last word on the question of constitutionality

Alien and Sedition Acts

President has power to deport dangerous foreigners in time of peace and imprison them in times of war. anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment

the American System

1. a strong banking system which would provide strong abundant credit 2. protective tariff 3. network of roads and canals

Tecumseh and the Prophet

Shawnee indian brothers, created a confederacy of local Indian tribes inspiring a vibrant movement of Indian unity and cultural renewal.

William Lloyd Garrison

wrote The Liberator, radical abolisionist, talked of secession from the South because of their slavery

Clara Barton and Dorthea Dix

superintendent of nurses for the Union army, helped transform nursing from a lowly service into a respected profession.

John Quincy Adams

2nd President of the US, federalist, very honest man but accused of acquiring the presidency dishonestly

Ralph Waldo Emerson

best known transcendentalist, lyceum lecturer and writer/philosopher

transcendentalism

rejects the theory that all knowledge comes to the mind through the senses. truth rather transcends the senses. Every person possesses an inner light that can illuminate the highest truth and put themselves in direct contact with God

Comonwealth v. Hunt

Supreme Court ruling that labor union s were not illegal conspiracies, provided their methods were "honorable and peaceful"

Declaration of Sentiments

all men AND WOMEN are creaated equal, demanded the ballot for females. launched the modern woman's rights movement.

Trail of Tears

policy by Jackson that uprooted thousands of Indians and forced them to travel west, leaving them to die if they fell behind

Cotton gin

invention that reinvigorated slavery in the south, invented by Eli Whitney

Border States

Montana, Kentucky,W. Virginia, Maryland, Delaware

manifest destiny

belief that God wanted Americans to conquer as much territory as possible and convert all the natives

54'40

Oregon territory wanted by pro-expansionist whigs

13th amendment

slavery is forbidden in the constitution

14th amendment

1. ex-slaves made citizens 2.when a state denies citizens the vote, its representation shall be reduced 3. certain persons who have been in rebellion are ineligible for federeal and state office 4. debts incurred in aid of rebellion are void

15th amendment

black males are made voters in the constitution, excludes all women still

Harper's Ferry

John Brown leads rebels to this city in Virginia and kills 7 innocent people and injures 10 more trying to get weapons to slaves in order to help them insurrect and escape slavery

Know Nothing Party

anti-immigration party

Free Soil Party

party that believed that the western states and territories should be free states so that slavery will not compete with white men trying to find work.

Freeport Doctrine

no matter how the supreme court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down and slavery would eventually disappear

Compromise of 1850

California admitted as a free state, abolition of the slave trade, mexican cession formed into states, texas receives $10 million, more stringent fugitive slave law.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

the slavery issue in Kansas and Nebraska would be decided by Popular Sovereignty; completely disregarded the Missouri Compromise

Dred Scott

slave taken from slave territory to a free state who sued for his freedom but lost

Plessy v. Ferguson

separate but equal facilitites are constitutional

Booker T. Washington

blacks should be ECONOMICALLY but not SOCIALLY equal to whites, blacks should focus on agriculture to develop their own economy, founded Tuskegee Institute

W.E.B. du Bois

believed in the "talented tenth", blacks should be completely equal to whites

Social Darwinism

rich people are that way by nature and it is futile to try and help the poor because they will simpl go back to the way they were before

Helen Hunt Jackson

author of a Century of Dishonor and Ramona

Chinese Exclusion Act

kept Chinese from immigrating to America after a serious influx of them in the 20th century

Interstate Commerce Act

prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly. also forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long one over the same line. set up the ICC to enfore these new rules