Ch7,8 DNA Structure, Replication, Genes to Proteins

List the nucleotides found in DNA and mRNA

Phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogen base

If a leading stand DNA sequence (top) is GGGCCCTTTAAA, what is the complementary strand (bottom)?

CCCGGGAAAUUU

When DNA replication occurs, it is said to be semiconservative. What does this mean?

One old strand and one new strand

What is the role of DNA polymerase and its role with PCR?

Millions of copies

In a gel electrophoresis, an STR of GAGAGA that is repeated twice will travel further down the gel than GAGAG that is repeated 5 times. Why?

Science

What makes one persons STR of CATCATCAT different than another person’s CATCATCAT?

The number of times it is repeated

Does the sequence of DNA of different people demonstrate genetic variation? How so?

Yes, because sequence of nucleotides and STRs

Is an Indvidual’s DNA the same in all of their cells (expect sperm and egg)?

Yes

Do taste buds and pancreatic cells have the same DNA? If so, why do they do different functions in the body?

Different DNA

What does it mean to determine the genome of an organism?

A complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism

What does “A” and “G” pair with?

“T” and “C”

What nucleotides?

Sugar with base and phosphate

Why is DNA called a double helix?

Because it has two strands of nucleotides twisting around each other

Fill in the complement of DNA for a leading strand that is AAAGGGCCCTTT?

UUUCCCGGGAAA

What is the mRNA strand for AAAGGGCCCTTT?

AAAGGGCCCUUU

List several places that DNA can be extracted from.

Anywhere the body has cells

Yes Or No? Does a duplicated strand of DNA contain one old and one new strand?

Yes

Yes Or No?

Do hydrogen bonds break during DNA replication?

Does DNA polymerase bind to the DNA?

Is the old strand used as a template to make a copy?

Does DNA coil up in the double helix during replication?

Does A pair with A to make a copy?

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

What does PCR stand for?

Polymerase Chain Reaction

If you start with 2 copies of DNA, after three PCR cycles, how much DNA do you have? After 5? After 10?

2,4,8,16,32,64

Yes Or No?

Can PCR amplify (multiply) DNA from a single strand?

Is the PCR process exponential in creating strands of DNA?

Does PCR use primers?

Does it amplify one at a time, or can it amplify several at once?

Does it need nucleotides of ATGC to work?

Does it need nucleotides of AUCG to work?

What ingredients does it require? This is similar to DNA sequencing lab.

Yes

Yes

Yes

Several

N/A

N/A

N/A

What does STR mean?

Short Tandem Repeats

Where are STR’s found? Coding or noncoding part of DNA?

DNA, noncoding

What makes STR’s different from you and me?

Because of the sequence of the DNA

What does the “coding” region of DNA code for? Does it have to be in a specific order?

A gene to mark hair, skin, etc. Yes it does or else it wont work

What does noncoding region mean? Why are STR’s found there?

The unique part of each person, the (0.1%)

Yes Or No?

Can DNA be used in crimes?

Identify missing persons?

Paternity?

Ruling out suspects?

Determining time of death?

Determining age?

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

How many STR"‘s are used for comparing banding patterns of gel electrophoresis?

15

What is a DNA profile?

An unique banding pattern of a gel electrophoresis that corresponds to non-coding regions of an Indvidual’s DNA

If you do a DNA profile using 15 STR’s, that may show as many as __ bands of gel.

30

You have a first cousin, a brother, an identical twin, your mom, and your grandpa all in the house. List in order who is most closely matched to you in DNA from most to least.

Identical Twin, Brother, Mom, Grandpa, First Cousin

Rather you want to admit it or not, you have two biological parents. If I were to look at your parent’s STR VWA on chromosome 12, would both parents have the same exact amount of VWA? Would one parent not have any? Would VWA be a different sequence from mom, dad, and you?

No, Maybe, Yes

What are the odds that two people have the same STR profile if all 15 STR’s are used?

Extremely Unlikely

When 10 STR’s are studied, how many bands will show up on the gel?

10 bands

Why is it better to look multiple sites for an STR on the chromosome instead of just 1 chromatid?

You won’t get an accurate account

How many amino acid are there?

20

Yes Or No?

Does the function of a protein depend on the gene’s DNA sequence?

Does the shape of the protein matter?

Does the amino acid sequence matter?

Does a correct mRNA transcription matter?

Does a correct tRNA transcription matter?

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

(Starting blocks don’t matter)

What is the first amino acid that all proteins start with?

Methionine

A DNA mutation for insulin causes it to have a completely different shape. What does this mean with the function of insulin?

Without the exact shape, protein will not function

What is a gene?

A sequence of DNA that contains the recipe to make protein

What is a transgenic sequence?

A transgenic sequence has DNA from another species

What is a GMO?

A GMO is an organism that contains genes from another species

If a human insulin gene is inserted into cow embryo, it grows up, and then is examined. Will the cow have the insulin gene in all it’s cells?

Yes

Compare a transgenic organism to a GMO.

They are the same

What is gene therapy?

An experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease

Why does the military and medics want spider silk?

Tougher than Kevlar and more flexible than Nylon

True Or False?

Is it cheaper to use GMO’s than traditional methods to produce drugs?

GMO’s can make products that are unsafe for human consumption.

GMO’s only make gene products the regular organism would produce.

GMO’s produced drug more quickly than traditional pharmacies.

GMO’s can quickly build a large supply of product.

True

True

False

True

True

From the reading on the study guide, are the released male mosquitos GMOS? Transgenic? Mutants? Unable to produce? Wild?

Released males are GMOs, mutant, transgenic, and unable to produce fertile offspring

From the reading on the study guide, what is the tTA, choose one: transgene, antibiotic, regulatory sequence. What is the relationship between the fruit fly tTA gene and the regulatory gene of the mosquitio.

It is a transgene. Control gene transcription is the relationship (According to google)

Use infographic 8.2. What does 8.2 show?

Shows code for RNA

Use infographic 8.1. What is being shown here?

A restriction enzyme is cutting DNA into fragments

Use infographic 8.2. What are the codons for proline? What are the start and stop codons?

GACU, G and U

If you have a DNA sequence of CAC, what is the mRNA, tRNA, and amino acid?

(Insert smart sounding answer here)

Use infographic 8.3. Label 1-4.

1) DNA leading strand

2) DNA compliment strand

3) Nitrogen base

4) Transcription

Use infographic 8.3. Label 5-8.

5) mRNA

6) Start codon

7) Translation

8) Codon

Use infographic 8.3. If #3 is deleted, what would happen to 8?

It wouldn’t be a codon

Use infographic 8.3. What is the frame shift mutation? Where is this shown, if #3 were deleted?

The frame shift mutation is the insertion or deletion of a single nitrogen base. It is shown at #3, at the “C”

Use infographic 8.4. List each type of mutation.

1) Inversion

2) Duplication

3) Translocation

4) Deletion

Use infographic 8.4. Which involves two chromosomes? How are these mutation different from frame shift mutations and substitution mutations?

\#3, two chromosomes swap (Arms and legs) which leads to fatal mutations

Use infographic 8.4. Which one has the chromosome in the become oriented in the reverse direction?

Inversion

Use infographic 8.5 to describe what is going on in each step 1-6. What do the bands represent in 5 and 6?

1) Amplify

2) Suck out of tube

3) Load gel

4) Let machine work

5) Look

6) Add probes

Use infographic 8.5. Are the bands the same? What does this mean? Which group of bands (a or b) moved faster? How do you know?

Not the same, means that they have different lengths, B is moving faster because it is smaller

Use infographic 8.6. What is the process called?

Transformation

Use infographic 8.7. Which sheep is the source of nucleus in the fused cell?

Black sheep 1

Which sheep is the clone?

The black lamb is the clone of sheep 1

Which sheep are genetically identical?

Sheep 1 and the lamb