ap psychology: sensation & perception unit

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97 Terms

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what do sensory organs do?

detect stimuli

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sensory organs

  • eyesight

  • gustation (sense of taste)

  • olfaction (sense of smell)

  • hearing

  • touch

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sensation is…?

mostly biological

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perception is…?

  • cognitive interpretation

  • mostly learned

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inattentional blindness

when something is in your field of vision, but you don’t see it

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change blindness

you fail to notice the change that is happening in your field of vision

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top-down processing

you see the whole and then examine the details

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bottom-up processing

you examine the details to determine the whole

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phi penomenon

when you see a series of images that give the illusion of movement

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perceptual set

seeing something relative to it’s context

<p>seeing something relative to it’s context</p>
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subjective contour

perceiving boarders as lines even though none are present

<p>perceiving boarders as lines even though none are present</p>
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Gestalt

the whole is greater than some of it’s parts

<p>the whole is greater than some of it’s parts</p>
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closure

knowt flashcard image
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figure-ground

wants to see something in foreground and background

<p>wants to see something in foreground and background</p>
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continunity

our brain wants to continue it

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proximity

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simplicity

we tend to see it in a more simple way

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similarity

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synesthesia

the senses are mixed up; out of alignment

ex: hearing different sounds makes you see different colors

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monocular depth cue

being able to judge distance with only one eye

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binocular depth cue

both eyes judge the distance

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retinal disparity

difference that each retina sees

→ when it’s close, there’s a lot of retinal disparity

→ when it’s far, there’s not much of retinal disparity

→ the closer an object is to us, the greater the retinal disparity is that object

IT IS A BINOCULAR DEPTH CUE

mostly biological, partly learned

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convergence

eyes move inward as object gets closer = signal is sent to brain

BINOCULAR DEPTH CUE

mostly biological, partly learned

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accommodation

as an object draws closer, the shape of our eyeball (or lens) may actually change

MONOCULAR DEPTH CUE

mostly biological, partly learned

lens - projects light back into retina

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pictorial depth cue

MONOCULAR DEPTH CUE

completely learned

  • distal stimulus

  • proximal stimulus

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distal stimulus

the way something takes up space in the physical world

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pictorial stimulus

the way something stimulates the retina (what your eye actually sees)

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interposition

type of pictorial depth cue

an object getting in the way of another which in turn makes that object look closer than the other

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relative size

same sized object = closer objects appear bigger

distal stimulus is same

proximal stimulus changes

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texture gradient

clear detail when it’s closer

fuzzy detail when it’s far

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motion parallax

distant objects = tend to move slower

closer objects = tend to move faster

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aerial perspective

closer objects = towards ground and clear to see

distant objects = towards sky and hazy

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linear perspective

closer to vanishing point = more distant

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what do mixing red, green, and blue lights make?

white

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what colors are part of the trichromatic theory of vision?

red, blue, and green

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perceptual constancy

even though it might change the way it hits your eyes, the brain knows the object is still the same

→ color constancy

→ shape constancy

→ size constancy

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subliminal messaging

a message will be embedded into another message that will affect someone in a way

it works but however the effect is very small, doesn’t change anyone’s behavior, and is temporary

FCC banned it'

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paredidolia

to see order in randomness/disorder

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back-masking

playing back a song or anything, thinking that there’s an embedded message in it

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absolute threshold

also called fechnar’s law

when do we first start to notice things like smell, sound, etc?

at 50% threshold

Gustav Feshnar

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just-noticeable difference (JND)

aka difference threshold

when you just notice the difference

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weber’s law

  • when the initial stimulus intensity is directly proportional to the JND size

ex: initial stimulus (3g) → JND (1g)

initial stimulus (30g) → JND (10g)

  • when you add a bit to a bit, you can notice

  • when you add a lot to a lot, you can notice

  • Ernst Weber

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sensory adaptation

  • as the time time exposed to the stimulus increases, the stimulus intensity decreases

examples: blowing gum, walking into a flower shop, clothes touching your body, etc.

  • when it comes to continuous stimulus, the intensity is not as much

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wavelength has..

→ color (hue)

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which color has the longest wavelength?

red

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which color has the shortest wavelength?

violet

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saturation (purity)

→ mixture of colors - ex: “yellowish red”

→ pure single color - ex: “red”

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amplitude determines the..

brightness

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what does a high amplitude mean?

it is bright

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what does a low amplitude mean?

it is dim

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cornea

protective layer outside of the eye

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pupil

  • how clear

→ when it’s bright, it gets smaller

→ when it’s dark, it gets larger

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iris

  • muscle that controls the size of the pupil

  • colored ring around the eye

  • responsible for dilating

ex: “principal iris is in charge of her pupils"

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lens

projects light to back of eye

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retina

if you’re colorblind, it is responsible for the distortion of colors you see

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rods

  • for movement

  • black & white

  • no light

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cones

  • colors

  • fine detail

  • in light

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fovea

  • loaded with cones

  • whatever you’re looking at directly, the fovea is looking directly at that

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foveal vision

center vision

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optic disc

  • where the blindspot is!!

  • no photoreceptors here so it creates a natural blindspot for the eye

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transduction

turning physical energy, like light, into brain signals

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peripheral vision

outside of the center vision

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the brain fills in the information for the blind spot & peripheral vision

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what projects the image upside down?

the lens

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what flips the image right side up?

the brain

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what is the direction of the message/light?

rod/cone → bipolar cell → ganglion cell → towards optic disc

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optic chiasm

the meeting point of the optic nerves before it makes its way to the thalamus

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the more photoreceptors, bipolar, and ganglion cells you have the…

less detail you’re going to see

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the less photoreceptors, bipolar, and ganglion cells you have the…

more detail you’re going to see

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lateral inhibition

when one is being stimulated and the others are being hindered/stopped

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what is another term for nearsightedness?

myopia

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nearsightedness (mypoia)

  • eye is FLATTER than normal

    moving closer to compensate → over-projected: far objects blurry

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what is another term for farsightedness?

hyperopia

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farsightedness (hyperopia)

  • eyeball is TALLER than normal

    under-projected: close objects blurry → move away to compensate

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elements of sound

→ frequency (pitch)

→ purity (timbre)

→ amplitude (volume)

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pinna

captures sound

→ the outer ear that people can see

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ear canal

sound goes through

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ear drum (tympanic membrane)

end if the canal

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ossicles (includes hammer, anvil, stirrup)

gets sound and violations

→ smallest bone

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cochlea

where sound transduction occurs

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auditory nerve

sound from the cochlea sent here then after sent to the brain

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eustachian tube

below cochlea, it’s connected to the nose and throat

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semicircular canals

filled with fluids, where out sense of balance is housed, the fluid shifts as we move

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cochlea opened up..

once cochlea is hit by sound, it “waves”. the cilia (the tiny hairs) move within the basilar membrane

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place theory

different areas of the cochlea, respond differently to different types of pitch (high, medium, low)

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frequency theory

the pitch of the sound depends on the speed of the cilia

the higher the pitch, the faster it moves

the lower the pitch, the slower it moves

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traveling wave theory (volley theory)

as a signal moves through, different hairs respond. And the brain puts there different stimulations together to create the sound.

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auditory localization

localizing sound based on timing of the sound hitting the ears

ex: sound coming from left side, left ear catches it before the right ear catches it

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gustation (taste)

  • in order to be tastable, it has to water soluble!

    types of taste:

    salty (can help us stay hydrated)

    sweet (tells you there is calories/energy)

    sour (tells us its gone bad)

    bitter (tells us its poisonous)

    umami - meat (tells you it’s protein)

spice is when our pain receptors kick in

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olfaction (smell)

sense of smell does NOT go through thalamus, it goes directly to the brain straight ti olfactory bulb

has to be water soluble

NOT cross-lateralized, not catogorized, not gone trough thalamus,

smell is not as simple as other sense.

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feature detectors

bottom-up processing requires

Hubel and Wiesel

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tactile sense (touch)

  • pressure

  • pain

    • A fibers: fast pain

    • C fibers: slow pain

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kinesthetic system (body position & movement)

receptors in our joints and muscles that enable us to know the position of our body.

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vestibular system (balance)

helps with your sense of balance

→ cerebellum (in the brain)

→ semicircular canals (fluids in the ear)

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gate control theory of pain

non-pain signals can help block out the actual pain signal

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conduction hearing loss

→ refers to damages done to the ossicles

→ continuous damage causes damage

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sensorineural hearing loss

→ degenerative, as you get older

→ in cochlea