Chemical reaction: a process that changes one set of chemicals to another.
Changes chemical bonds between atoms in elements or compounds.
Can occur slowly (over years) or quickly (milliseconds).
Matter and energy are conserved in all chemical reactions
A + B → AB
A + B are the reactants (elements or compounds that enter into chemical reactions)
AB is the product (elements or compounds produced by chemical reactions
All chemical reactions involve energy (absorbed or released as light, heat, or sound)
All reactions, whether they absorb or release energy overall, need energy to begin
Activation energy: The difference in energy between that of the reactants and the amount needed for the reaction to occur.
Catalysts lower the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur, increasing the rate of a reaction.
Catalysts are unchanged by reactions they catalyze
Catalysts are not used as reactants or created as products of reactions
Enzymes: proteins that act as catalysts for chemical reactions within cells
Examples: Lactase (cleaves lactose) and DNA Polymerase (makes DNA polymers)
Reactants in enzyme-catalyzed reactions are called substrates
Enzymes have an active site where substrates are brought together to react
Enzymes only need to bind to a few types of substrates so bonding between them is highly specific (like a lock and key)
Enzymes work best under specific conditions:
Enzymes in human cells work best at body temperature (37C)
pH can be used to regulate enzymes
enzyme inhibitors can be used to treat diseases
enzymes can be given as supplements (e.g. lactase)