FR: Tema Uno

How does Fernand Braudel study and define religion?

como un fenómeno histórico inserto en las estructuras de larga duración —> A historical phenomenon embedded within long-term structures.

-history of mentalities,” encompassing beliefs

• studies religion in its social function, within a geographical and economic context, showing how it relates to material factors

• religion is a slow and persistent structure that changes with difficulty

How does Arnold Toynbee study and define religion?

-un estudio de gran erudición que incluye civilizaciones antiguas y recientes.

-Motor esencial en el surgimiento, desarrollo y decadencia de las civilizaciones.

-La religión no se limita a lo institucional, sino que impulsa un “progreso espiritual” que puede regenerar a la humanidad.

How does Max Weber study and define religion?

Religión como un sistema de creencias y prácticas que orienta la conducta

How does Pete Berger study and define religion?

-Religion as a human projection: Human beings create a social world (institutions, norms, meanings) and then "objectify" it as if it existed independently.

-A "sacred canopy" that covers and protects individuals from chaos, providing them with a meaningful cosmos in the face of disorder and the contingency of life.

-religion grants legitimacy to created social world

M. Marty y S. Appleby’s theory of religious fundamentalism

-Fundamentalism appears in many religions

-it is a militant response to modernity, rejection of secularization, and a desire to return to tradition

Kepel, G. La revancha de Dios

-Since the 1970s and 80s, a resurgence of religion has been observed in various traditions in reaction to modernity and secularization.

-These forces seek to reinstate religion as a central force in public and private life.

-These movements do not entirely reject modernity, but rather strategically leverage it (media, political structures, economy) to spread their message.

Theology of Hans Küng

-diálogo interreligioso y la ética globa

-no peace without dialogue within religions

Huntington’s theory of religion in “Clash of Civilizations”

-religión como el marcador más poderoso de identidad cultural y,en consecuencia, un factor decisivo en los conflictos internacionales contemporáneos

Niebuhr theory on religion in IR

a religión como una fuerza ética y necesaria para la vida social, pero también como un ámbito vulnerable

-religion vulnerable to pride and selfishness, but can be a critical check on power

Merle y De Montclos theory on religon and IR

la Santa Sede es un actor atípico pero influyente en la política mundial, que opera en el cruce (intersection) entre lo religioso y lo internacional.