Studied by 470 people
Empressarios
Americans who moved into TX - had to agree to assimilate (be Catholic, have no slaves) EX: Stephen Austin
Texas War for Indpendence
fighting for independence fromMexico, B. of Alamo and B. of SanJacinto (1835-36)
Mormons
result of 2nd Great Awakening - started in Burned Over Districts in NY - Joseph Smith led people to Ohio, Brigham Young led them to Great Salt Lake
Manifest Destiny
coined by John O'Sullivan - theory that we were spreading libety, freedom and republicanism and had a God-given right to take over the west.
Polk's Presidency
1845-1849 -, "54'40 or fight" (Campaign slogan referring to Oregon Territory) - Mexican America War (fought to get California)
Mexican American War
fought b/c Polk wanted California (used disputed land in TX to provoke a fight). Ended in Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the US gets pretty much the entire southwest.
Lincoln's Spot Resolution
Lincoln (who was at the time a Whig representative from Illinois) wanted to know exactly where Zach Taylor was fired on at the beginning of the Mex-Am War.
Conscience Whigs
Those opposed to the Mexican American War b/c they believed it would lead to the expansion of slavery. EX: Lincoln, Thoreau
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Ended the Mexican American War - US bought southwest for 15 million- led to question about the extension of slavery (from Missouri compromise). promised citizenship for Native Americans and Mexicans, but it was largely ignored
Wilmot Proviso
Passed at the beginning of the Mex-Am War, this said no slavery in Mexican Cession - failed but made south mad
California's admission
Wanted to be admitted as a free state - led to the southern "fire eaters" threateneing secession & the Compromise of 1850.
Compromise of 1850
Done by Henry Clay. Said 1) Ca free state 2) abolition of slave trade in DC 3) popular sovereignty in Mexican cession, 4) Fugitive slave Act of 1851
7th of March Speech
Webster, Clay, and Calhoun urged the passage of the Compromise of 1850 because it would be good for the nation.
Old Immigration
1840s & 1850s (pre Civil War) - immigration from Irish and Germans. Irish settle in cities along the eastern seaboard and become manual labor, Germans move out west and become farmers.
Nativism
fear of foreigners - mainly afraid of job stealing - "No Irish Allowed" and the Know Nothing Party
Know Nothing Party
secret society base don nativism and anti-Catholicism - wanted to ban immigration, institute literacy tests for voting
North's expanding manufacturing economy
Bessemer Process (1855) - mass production of steel - allowed for production of rr, skyscrapers, etc
Impending Crisis of the South
Book about slavery by Hinton Helper. He said the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. He was captured and killed by Southerners
Free Soil Movement
Movement against the extension of slavery - b/c not many were abolitionists - eventually adopted by the Republican party (appealed to white voters)
Personal liberty laws
Effect of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1851 - these laws that allowed for the protection of African Americans (like refusal to allow bounty hunters to use jails, requiring bounty hunters to prove slave)
Underground Railroad
This is why Southerners felt the Fugitive Slave Act of 1851 was necessary, because so many slaves were escaping.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
made people symphatize with slaves - turned many in the North toward abolition. Lincoln called Harriette Beecher Stowe "the little lady who started a big war." (1852)
John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry
At attempt by a hugely polarizing figure to take over a federal arsenol and to start a slave uprising - captured and executed - hugely polarizing figure.
"positive good" thesis
Promoted by guys like John C. Calhoun - belief that southerners need to stop saying slavery is a "peculiar institution" but a good thing b/c (1) conditions of slaves were better than immigrants of the north, (2) blacks were incapable of governing themselves and (3) slavery fuled the southern economy, thus the nations' economy.
States' rights
10th amendment - if it's not a federal power it's a state power - therefore since slavery isn't enumerated by the federal government it is reserved for the states.
minstrel shows
American entertainment - skits, variety shows, performed by whites in blackface (after CW blacks in blackface) - showed black people as stupid, lazy, superstitious, buffoonish - racial stereotyping
Gag rule
passed in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House - ended in 1844 b/c of TX annexation (1845)
Popular sovereignty
The idea to let residence of state decide the issue (problem - what about a territory?) - Stephen Douglass was the largest supporter of this (KS - NB Act)
Fugitive Slave Act
(1851) - (1) All citizens were deputized to find “runaway” slaves, (2) No one can testify for a slave. Result: Lots of kidnapping. Reaction: Personal liberty laws.
Kansas Nebraska Act
(1854) - set up territories of KS and NB - territory each was to use popular sovereignty to decide the slavery question - led to "Bleeding KS"
Caining of Charles Sumner
(1856)- Result of the KS NB Act - Preston Brooks (SC) beat up Senator Sumner (later a Radical Republican) for his speech "the Crime against Kansas" - Brooks became a highly polarizing figure
Bleeding Kansas
violence in KS over the slavery issue -EX: Sack of Lawrence (pro-slavery) and the Pottawatomie Massacre (John Brown hacks up pro-slavery advocates). LED TO THE FORMATION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY (1856)
LeCompton Constitution
Pro-Slavery constitution in Kansas adopted due to boarder ruffians - Buchannan urges congress to accept this (1857)
Dred Scott vs. Samford
Roger Taney said African Americans were property (so can't sue) - Congress couldn't prohibit slavery in any territory (no popular sovereignty) and Missouri Compromise unconstitutional (1857)
First Party System
Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans - started in the Washington administration over the power of the federal government.
Second Party System
Democrats vs. Whigs started in the Jackson Administration - Whigs died over controversy over KS-NB act - most free soil Whigs joined the republicans. Know Nothings eventually joined Republicans
Third Party System
Democrats vs. Republicans - came into national prominence during the 1856 election.
Freeport Doctrine
During the Lincoln Douglas debates (1858) - this was Douglas’ statement that the country should ignore Dred Scott decision and do pop sov instead. Effect: no southern Democrat would vote for him (split the Democratic party in the 1860 election).
Election of 1860
Democratic party split (b/c of Douglas' Freeport Doctrine) so Lincoln (Rep) won the Electoral College but only 40% of the popular vote
South Carolina Secession
Done in response to Lincoln's election. Buchannan had said secession was illegal but didn't do anything to stop it.
Crittenden Compromise
proposed: constitutional amendment to protect slavery, Missouri Compromise line extended to California, with no slavery above and only slavery below (Lincoln rejected it as it would lead to more expansionist wars in Caribbean and central America)
Fort Sumter
1861- federal fort in SC - when Lincoln sent in supplies, SC soldiers fired and took the fort. Caused thousands of Northerners to sign up. First fighting of the Civil War.
Advantages of the Confederacy
More experienced military leadership, they didn't have to invade and take over northern territory (they were on defense), "military culture"
Advantages of the Union
More population, more railroads, more industry, more money, more resources in general.
Disadvantages of the Confederacy
Confederate form of government didn't give much centralized leadership (Jeff Davis did not have much power), not as many resources as the North, men could buy their way out of service ("Twenty Negro Law")
Disadvantages of the Union
They had to invade and take over territory, men could buy their way out of service (led to NYC Draft Riots),
Lincoln's purpose in the Civil War
to preserve the union
Cotton Diplomacy
South's effort to bring in Britain to help, but that failed (especially after B. of Antietam)
Southern Opposition to the War
shown by the fact that many farmers refused to fight & there was lots of contraband (runaway slaves)
Contraband
Runaway southern slaves who joined the Union army.
Northern Opposition to the War
Copperheads & NYC Draft Riots
Copperheads
Northern Democrats who wanted to make peace with the south
New York City Draft Riots
1863 - Poorer immigrants (mostly Irish) rioted against the war as a "rich man's war, but a poor man's fight" because wealthy men could pay thier way out of service. Attacked AFrican Americans and wealthy - shows Northern opposition to the war.
Battle of Antietam
(1862) - Maryland, bloodiest single day battle of the war, significance b/c (1) convinced Europe not to intervene on behalf of the south (opposite of Saratoga), (2) massive loss of life led to the Emancipation Proclamation so northerners wouldn't leave
Emancipation Proclamation
(January 1, 1863) Freed slaves only in rebellion areas (not border states) - which Lincoln didn't really control. Purposes: (1) re-purposed the war into a moral crusade, (2) made it so African Americans would legally fight for North, (3) kept Confederacy from getting European support.
Frederick Douglass on African Americans in the War
Encouraged them to fight for the Union b/c it would prove their citizenship (which they had been denied in Dred Scott)
Battle of Gettysburg
(1863) - bloodiest overall battle of the war - made it clear the North would win, however Lincoln lost support.
Gettysburg Address
(1863)- dedication of the battle field cemetary - basically said don't let these men die in vein, keep fighting. Referred back to the Declaration ("four score and seven years ago...")
Union's "total war" strategy
Everything is mobilized for the war, therefore there really isn't such a thing as a "civilian" (ex: Sherman's march from Atlanta to Savannah)
13th Amendment
(1865) - forbad "involuntary servitude" (aka: no slavery)
How was the 13th amendment undermined?
tenant farming and share cropping
14th Amendment
(1868) - citizenship for African Americans
How was the 14th amendment undermined?
blackcodes & allowing state governments to define "citizenship" (Slaughterhouse Cases)
15th Amendment
(1870) - suffrage for African American Men (split women's rights movement)
How did state governments undermine the 15th amendment?
poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses
Opposition of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
opposed 15th amendment b/c it didn't allow women the right to vote - this causes the divorce between African American movement and women's rights movement
Black codes
laws designed to keep African Americans inferrior
Ku Klux Klan
(1866) - terrorist group that worked to intimidate African Americans out of voting (denial of 15th amendment).
Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan
focused on healing the nation - Made clear in his 2nd inaugural - 10% of each state had to take the loyalty oath, the state had to ratify 13th amendment, and then allow the state back into the union.
Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural
Spoke to Northerners telling them to focus on healing and not be overly harsh on the south. "With malice toward none and charity to all."
Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction Plan
focused on turning back the clock so aristocratic southerners (who he hated) were back in charge - made them personally beg for forgiveness
Radical Republican Reconstruction Plan
military reconstruction to protect African Americans, also freedmans' bureau
Radical Republicans
Republicans who dominated Congress and wanted to punish the south - led by Charles Sumner (Senate) (the dude who got beat by Preston Brooks!) and Thaddeus Stevens (House)
Carpetbaggers
Northerners who came to the south to take advantage of economic opporutnities there
Senator Hiram Revels
became first black senator (took Jefferson Davis' old seat from Mississippi);
Senator Blache K Bruce
Senator of Mississippi from 1875 to 1881 and was one of the first African Americans to serve a full term in the Senate.
Freedman's Bureau
Federal agency which aided slaves in their transition to freedom during Reconstruction. - helped former slaves and impoverished whites by providing food, clothing, jobs, medicine, and medical care. Promised "40 acres and a mule," but didn't deliver. Vetoed by Johnson, but overridden by Congress
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Legislation that said you couldn't have black codes. Johnson vetoed this act, but Congress overrode the veto and it became the first legislation enacted over a veto.
Johnson's Impeachment
First president impeached. Resulted from his violation of the Tenure of Office Act, numerous vetoes, and his refusal to follow laws which limited his power
Redeemer governments
(Solid South) - former slaveowners who staged a counterrevolution to "take back the south" by controlling state governments - basically restored African Americans to inferior status.
Tenant Farming
Practice where a family paid rent to rent the land and owned the crops they grew
Share Cropping
Most common labor arrangement in Reconstruction south - whites and blacks - family farmed a portion of a white landowner's land in return for housing and a share of the crops.
Compromise of 1877
In the previous year's election, Southerners agreed to accept the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes so they would end military reconstruction in the south. After the military was withdrawn from the south, African Americans lost that protection, leaving them vulnerable to new, harsher black codes.
Plessy vs. Ferguson
1896-Case in which the Supreme Court ruled that while the Fourteenth Amendment ensured equality, did not mean blacks and whites had to have the same facilities. Made "separate but equal" facilities constitutional.
Jim Crow Laws
Laws that enforced segregation.
When is your quiz?
Friday, 2/10/23
Note 
Flashcard (27)