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fibrous joint
a fixed, or immovable, joint that connects bones made mostly of collagen
cartilaginous joint
a joint w/ some motion & hyaline cartilage; in space between articulating bones
synovial joint (most common)
a moveable joint w/ synovial fluid in space around it to reduce friction
3 distinguishing features of synovial joint:
articular cartilage, synovial membrane, synovial fluid in cavity
pivot joint (ex. atlantoaxial joint)
found within joint cavity, rotates along long axis
hinge joint (ex. ankle, knee, elbow)
between rounded shape of one bone and trough shape of another, articulates like hinge (flexor & extensor)
saddle joint (ex. thumb, shoulder, ear)
between two saddle shaped bones, range of motion on 2 difference axes
plane joint (ex. intercarpal & intertarsals)
between flat surface of 2 or more bones, known as gliding joint because the bones glide against each other
condyloid (ellipsoid) joint (ex. wrist joints)
between rounded oval surface of one bone & shallow oval depression of another, wide range of motion
ball & socket (spheroidal) joint (ex. hips and shoulders)
spherical head of bone interacts with socket shape of another, articulates along multiple axial planes
hyperextension
bending abnormally
extension
extending or increasing angle, extensor
flexion
bending inward, decreasing angle of joint
elevation (ex. mandible closing mouth)
upward movement
depression (ex. mandible opening mouth)
downward movement
dorsiflexion (of foot)
toes move up toward leg
plantar flexion (of foot)
toes point toward floor
abduction
moves limb laterally away
adduction
moves limb internally towards
circumduction
moving circularly around stationary end
rotation
twisting movement
external rotation
rotate/twist away from body
internal rotation
rotate/twist towards body
pronation (of lower arm)
radius and ulna form x-shape
supination (of lower arm)
radius and ulna are parallel
ROM
range of motion
gonimeter
an instrument for measuring the angle of a joint
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
PCL
posterior cruciate ligament
MCL
medial collateral ligament
LCL
lateral collateral ligament
What tests for MCL injury?
valgus stress test
What tests for LCL injury?
varus stress test
What tests for ACL injury?
anterior drawer test
What tests for PCL injury?
posterior drawer test