American Pageant Chapter 16

When was Eli Whitney's cotton gin invented?

1793

How much value did cotton account for of all American exports after 1840?

How much more cotton did the South produce compared to the entire world's supply?

half; more than half

What was known as a huge agricultural factory and what is the name specifically?

Cotton Kingdom

What was the most important single manufacture in the 1850s?

How much of the population relied on it?

Cotton Cloth; one-fifth

What percent of fiber came from the white-carpeted acres of the South?

75%

If Cotton was King in the south, what was his throne and vassals?

Throne: Gin

Vassals: Black Bondsmen

What is known as government of the few and would be heavily influenced by planter aristocracy?

Oligarchy

How many families owned more than one hundred slaves each in 1850?

1,733

What mansion did the owners of the plantation stay?

What color was it painted?

What practice would they dwell there?

"Big House"; white; "cottonocracy"

In what horses and chairs did planter aristocrats enjoy a lion's share of southern wealth?

blooded horses, Chippendale chairs

Who were notable men that would benefit from money of plantations for education?

Where would they graduate from?

John C. Calhoun from Yale

Jefferson Davis from West Point

Who was a favorite author of elite southerners?

What type of society did he help idealize and through what book/character?

Sir Walter Scott

Feudal Society; Ivanhoe, character: Rowenas

What tournaments would southern aristocrats sometimes stage?

What did they strive to perpetuate since it died out in Europe?

Jousting tournaments; medievalism

Who accused Sir Walter Scott of indirectly starting the civil war?

What decaying structure did they call medievalism?

British Novelist Mark Twain; "Sham Civilization"

In what state would jousting become the official state sport and when?

Maryland; 1962

Which Fresh impressionist painter captured the insouciant self-confidence of cotton traders?

Edgar Degas

What slave did a plantation mistress harbor a special affection for her slave?

What did the plantation mistress note in their diary about her and why?

Annica; "I whipt Annica" for insolence

What was excessive cultivation also called?

What would it cause?

"Land Butchery";

heavy leakage of population to W and NW

What would cause planters to plunge beyond their depth?

Who was a famous person that would also fall for this in later years?

the temptation to overspeculate in land with financial instability;

Andrew Jackson

In extreme cases, how much were enslaved backs fed/paid?

How much would each person have to invest for slaves?

ten cents a day; $1,200

In one instance, how many ill-fated blacks were wiped out by disease or even lightning?

20

What percent of the South was foreign born in 1860?

What percent of the North was foreign born in 1860?

4.4%

18.7%

What was the most Anglo-Saxon section of the nation?

The South

Unlike George Washington who did not sell his slaves, which president would free a couple slaves in his well while the rest were sold to pay off larger debts?

Thomas Jefferson

Who was an Englishmen who visited the cotton belt on a river steamer?

Basil Hall

How many families in 1850 were wealthy slaveowners with less than 100 slaves?

How many white people did they represent?

How many of the families owned fewer than ten slaves?

How many white Southerners were actually involved in slavery?

345,000;

1,725,000;

2/3 of families - 225,268;

one-fourth

How many whites did not own slaves?

What would they often sneer at?

What would they raise instead of cotton?

6,120,825, three-quarters of all southern whites

pretensions of cotton "snobocracy"

corn and hogs

What would the least prosperous non-slaveholding whites be scorned as by slaves?

"poor white trash", "hillbillies", "crackers", "clay eaters";

described as listless, shiftless, misshapen

As later investigations showed that the whites were sick and not lazy, what parasite especially affected them?

Hookworm

Why were whites without slaves the stoutest defenders of slave systems?

Belief of "American Dream",

Pride in racial superiority versus blacks

What region would Mountain Whites live in?

Where did the region stretch from?

How were they different from whites in the flatlands?

Appalachian Range;

Virginia to N Georgia & Alabama;

Elizabethan speech forms, Habits from Britain; Hated Planters with slaves

What future president was part of the Mountain Whites?

Andrew Johnson of Tennessee

What party did the Mountain Whites support?

What president were they attached to in future generations?

Union Party (Republicans);

Abraham Lincoln

How many free blacks were there in the South in 1860?

How many free blacks were there in the North in 1860?

How many free blacks were there in both the South and North combined in 1860?

250,000;

250,000;

500,000

Where did free blacks come from?

Emancipated from white planter and black mistress (mulattoes)

In what city did a sizable mulatto community prosper?

New Orleans

Who was a free black that was nicknamed "barber of Natchez"?

How many bondsmen was he the master of?

What would he flog that he mentioned in his diary, and when was it mentioned in his diary?

William T. Johnson;

fifteen;

2 slaves and a mule in June 1848

In 1835, who would hitch their oxen to a small schoolhouse that had dared to enroll black children and dragged them into a swamp?

How many black children did the schoolhouse enroll?

New Hampshire Farmers;

fourteen

What group of people were Northern blacks especially hated by?

What did they compete with them for?

pick-and-shovel Irish immigrants;

menial jobs

Who was a former slave that was an abolitionist and self-educated orator of rare power, that was mobbed several times and beaten by northern rowdies?

Frederick Douglass

How many black human chattels were there in the South of 1860?

How much did the number increase by since the start of the century?

4 million black human chattels;

quadrupled

As Congress would outlaw slave imports, when would legal importations into America end?

When did Britain abolish the slave trade?

1808;

1807

What would seize hundreds of slave ships and free thousands of grateful captives?

Royal Navy's West Africa Squadron

How many enslaved Africans were still shipped to Brazil and the West Indies in decades after 1807?

3 million

What price was so high that uncounted thousands of blacks were smuggled into the South despite the death penalty for slavers?

Who was the one slaver that was ever executed? When and where would this happen?

"black ivory";

N.P. Gordon, New York 1862, 2nd year of Civil War

What state was a major source of supply for the booming cotton economy of Deep South?

Virginia

How did the slave population in the United States increase with the end of slave trade?

Natural Reproduction

How much would planters sink in for investments of slaves by 1860?

$2 billion

What were women who bore thirteen or fourteen babies prized as?

How many babies would some fecund women have to produce to gain freedom?

"rattlin' good breeders";

ten

What were the economic reasons for families to be separated on auction blocks?

bankruptcy or division of "property" among heirs

Who would make a novel on the theme of abolitionists decrying the practice of slavery?

What was the name of the novel, and when was it made?

Harriet Beecher Stowe;

Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852

Who was a musician living in New York that was kidnapped by slave traders and shipped to New Orleans?

How many years would he spend enslaved?

Solomon Northrup;

Twelve

Who was a woman enslaved in Virginia that wrote plaintively to her husband about the disruption that the commercial traffic in slaves was visiting upon their family?

Maria Perkins

What was part of the Deep South States?

South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Alabama

Who petitioned the General Assembly of Virginia in 1835 for permission to remain in the state despite a law against residency of free blacks?

Arthur Lee, Freeman

Children under what age would some states ban the sale of away from his or her mother?

ten

Where were strong-willed slaves who could tolerate flogging sent to and consisted mostly in lavish laying of the lash?

Breakers

In 1860, where were most slaves concentrated in the Deep South?

Where would it stretch from?

black belt;

South Carolina and Georgia into new southwest states

How many slaves of harbored communities would blacks live in?

How many blacks would account for the population along the lower Mississippi River?

twenty or more;

75%

What did slave marriage vows sometime proclaim?

"Until death or distance do you part."

Where were most slaves raised in?

Stable two=parent households

Where would children adopt their surname from in the family life of slavery?

Forbear Master

What especially did slaves emphasize in the aspects of Christian heritage that was most pertinent to their situation?

Captivity of Israelites in Egypt

What type of preaching were African practices persisted in where congregation frequently punctuated the minister's remarks with assents and amens?

What African dance would it be adapted from?

Responsorial Preaching;

African Ringshout Dance

How did victims of the "peculiar institution" devise countless ways to throw sand in its gears?

Worked at the barest minimum, stole food and pilfered other goods, sabotaged expensive equipment, poisoned masters' food

Who led an armed insurrection 1800 that was foiled by informers and its leaders were hanged?

Where would it be?

Gabriel;

Richmond, Virginia

Who was a free black that led an ill-fated rebellion that was betrayed by informers in 1822?

How many followers were publicly strung?

Where would it be?

Denmark Vesey;

thirty;

Charleston, South Carolina

What rebellion would slaughter many Virginians in 1831?

How many Virginians were slaughtered?

Nat Turner's Rebellion;

60

In what slave ship did Africans rebel in an attempt to sail back to Africa in 1839?

Where would then end up?

How many years were they imprisoned and who secured their freedom?

Where would they be sent back to?

Amistad;

Long Island;

two years, John Quincy Adams;

Sierra Leone

Who was a distinguished black leader and former slave that observed that whites could not hold blacks in a ditch without getting down there with them?

Booker. T. Washington

What group of people did the abolitionist sentiment first stir, especially at the time of the revolution?

Quakers

What was founded to focus on transporting blacks bodily back to Africa in 1817?

What would be established for the former slaves transferred back to Africa?

What was its capital, and who was it named after?

How many blacks were transported there over the next four decades?

Who was a significant figure that would appeal to the colonization idea?

The American Colonization Society;

Republic of Liberia;

Monrovia, President Monroe;

15,000;

Abraham Lincoln

Who would inspire British counterparts that would lead American abolitionists to take heart in 1833 on new energy and momentum?

Whom did their family's heart get touched by?

What college was named by them?

William Wilberforce;

George Whitefield;

Wilberforce University in Ohio

What would inflame the hearts of American abolitionists against the sin of slavery?

Who was prominent among the American Abolitionists against the sin of slavery?

Whom were they evangelized by, and where?

Second Great Awakening;

Theodore Dwight Weld;

Charles Grandison Finney

What two New York merchants aided Weld materially?

What did they pay his way to?

Arthur and Lewis Tappan;

Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio

Who was the father of remarkable blood?

Lyman Beecher

Who was involved in the Lane Theological Seminary?

Lyman Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Catharine Beecher, Henry Ward Beecher

What was Weld expelled for?

What were Welds' fellow students called?

Eighteen Day debate on slavery;

"Lane Rebels"

What propaganda pamphlet did Weld assemble?

What novel was it greatly influenced by?

American Slavery as It Is;

Uncle Tom's Cabin

What newspaper was published in Boston about antislavery that would trigger a war of words and be seen as an opening barrage of the Civil War?

Who would publish it, when was it published, and how old were they when they published it?

How long would the war of words be?

The Liberator;

William Lloyd Garrison, New Year's Day 1831, 26;

thirty years

What would other abolitionists that rallied to Garrison's standard create?

Who was prominent among them and what was their nickname?

American Anti-Slavery Society;

Wendel Phillips, "abolition's golden trumpet"

Who was among a black abolitionist that advocated a bloody end to white supremacy?

Through what book would he do this through?

David Walker;

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

Who was a freed black woman in New York that fought tirelessly for black emancipation and women's right?

What other name were they known as?

Sojourner Truth;

Isabella

Who was one of the few black leaders to take seriously the notion of mass recolonization of Africa?

Where would they visit?

Martin Delany;

West Africa's Niger Valley

Who was the greatest of the black abolitionists?

How old were they when they escaped bondage in 1838?

Where would he give a speech at an antislavery meeting?

What was his autobiography that he published?

Frederick Douglass;

21;

Massachusetts;

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

What would Garrison burn on the Fourth of July in 1854?

A copy of the constitution

What would Douglass and many other abolitionists look to to end slavery?

What parties would they back?

Politics;

Liberty Party, Free Soil Party, Republican Party

Antislavery societies were more common south of what?

What was it originally?

Mason-Dixon line;

Southern Boundary of Colonial Pennsylvania

What slave revolt did the Nat Turner rebellion recollect?

Haiti Slave Revolt

How much did the state of Georgia offer for Garrison's arrest and conviction?

Why?

$5,000;

condemned a terrorist and inciter of murder

Along with the Nat Turner rebellion what would further implant haunting fears in white southern minds?

Nullification Crisis of 1832

At the end of Douglass' career, what did he serve as?

U.S. minister to Haiti

What did proslavery whites use in their defense of slavery as a positive good?

Bible and wisdom of Aristotle; master-slave relationship resembled family

What did Southerners compare slaves to in the North?

Northern Wage Slaves

What would require all antislavery appeals to be tabled without debate?

Who would fight for its repeal and for how long?

Gag Resolution;

John Quincy Adams, 8 years

Where would a mob loot the post office and burn a pile of abolitionist propaganda?

Charleston, South Carolina

Whose thundering eloquence would hammer home the ideal of the Union?

Daniel Webster

How much money did southern planters owe northern bankers and other creditors?

$300 million

Whose house was broken into and had its interior demolished while a crowd in the street cheered?

Lewis Tappan's New York home

Who would drag Garrison through the streets of Boston?

Broadcloth Mob