World History Semester 2 Study Guide

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Russia signs treaty to get out of WW1

Sarajevo

Assassination of France Ferdinand and wife starts World War I

Versailles treaty

Signed between Germany and allies; punished Germany and ended World War I

“war guilt clause”

Section of the Versailles Treaty that stated that Germany was the sole cause of WWII

Rhineland

Region in Germany designated as a demilitarized zone by treaty

Francis Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary, assassinated by Gavrilo Princip who was part of the Black Hand

Wilson's 14 points

Guidelines for rebuilding post World

Triple Alliance

Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Reparations

Payments Germany had to pay after World War I

Triple Entente

Great Britain, France, and Russia

Kaiser William II

Ruler of Germany

League of Nations

Formed to prevent a second World War

Balkans

Powder keg of Europe

Name the four causes of World War I

Nationalism, imperialism, shifting alliances, and militarism

What new weapons were used in World War 1?

Poison gas, machine guns, tanks, submarines

Why did the US get involved with World War 1?

unsrestricted submarine warfare

Trotsky

Russian revolutionary and communist theorist who helped Lenin build up his army

Bloody Sunday

200,000 workers approached the Czar’s Winter Palace and peacefully protested but were shot and killed by soldiers

Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks; ruthless leader

Rasputin

Influenced the czars; claim to be a holy man that could heal their son with hemophilia

Bolsheviks

Radicals that supported a small number of committed revolutionaries willing to sacrifice everything for change; later named communists which the name came from Karl Marx

Nicholas II

Former Czar of Russia, clung to the principles of autocracy

Red and White Army

White Army: Russians who were opposed to Lenin and the Bolsheviks

Red Army: Lenin’s Bolshevik Army

Proletariat

Working class in Russia

Collectivization

All small privately owned Farms were put under the control of government under rule of Stalin

Great Purge

Campaign Of Terror directed at eliminating anyone who threatened Stalin's power

Totalitarian state

Form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator

5-year plans

Joseph Stalin introduced this to industrialized the Soviet Union

Stalin

Bolsheviks revolutionary, head of Soviet Communists, let the country with an iron fist; using 5-year plans to increase industrial support

Mao Zedong

Communist party leader

Sun Yixian

Overthrow the Qing Dynasty; first president with the Republic of China was founded in 1912

Jiang Jieshi

Nationalist leader; supported by the US

The Long March

6,000 mile Journey where Chinese Communists fled from nationalists

Pahlavi

Leader of Persia; set out to modernize his country’s schools, roads, women's rights, changed Persia name to Iran

Kemal

“Attaturk” father of Turks; Turkish Commander that successfully led Turkish nationalists and fighting back the Greeks and British helpers

Abud al-Aziz Ibn Saud

Member of once powerful Arabian family; begins successful campaign to unify Arabia (modernization)

Gandhi

Leader of Independence Movement; “Mahatma” Great Soul

Civil disobedience

Direct Defiance from Gandhi towards British; “no violence” boycott of British goods and starving

Salt March

In India; Indians walked 240 miles to the coast to get their own salt

What were the goals of Sun Yixian?

Three principles of the people


1. Nationalism: an end to foreign control
2. People's rights: democracy
3. People's livelihood: Economic Security for all Chinese

What were the differences between Communists and Nationalists in China?

Communists: classless society through a working class revolution

Nationalists: modernize China with a centralized government and economic development

What were the results of World War I on former European colonies?

It ended the century old European colonies

How did Gandhi use Civil Disobedience to gain independence for India?

He boycotted British goods and starved himself, which greatly affected both British and Indians

What were the problems of unification of India?

India was made up of two rivals: Muslims and Hindus. Had conflicting visions of India's future

Coalition government

Temporary Alliance of several parties that were unstable

New Deal

Roosevelt's program of government reform

Appeasement

Giving in to keep the peace

Munich conference

Meeting about Czech’s borders without inviting Czechoslovakia

Mein Kampf

Hitler's book meaning My Struggle; talked about how Jews were the problem

Third Reich

Nazi German Empire

Weimar Republic

Germany becomes a democracy. Government is blamed for loss in World War I; reparations to allies made them print more money which led to hyperinflation. Needed us help of the Dawes Plan

Benito Mussolini

“Il Duce”; Black Shirts which are founded by fascist party

Fascism

Otherwise known as nationalism; militant political movement that emphasized loyalty and obedience to state and leader

Francisco Franco

General of Spanish Army; revolted against the government with the help of Nazis and Mussolini

Adolf Hitler

Dictator and leader of the Nazis; Brown Shirts, secret police force called the Gestapo, Elite military loyal only to Hitler: SS

Lebensraum

“living space”; additional territory that Germany “needed” because it was overcrowded

Holocaust

Originally called final solution; killing of 6 million Jews

Winston Churchill

British prime minister; “never surrounding to Nazis”

Pogrom

Violet riots specifically against Jews

D-Day

The day on which the Allies begin their invasion of the European Mainland during World War II

Invasion of Manchuria

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Japan invades Manchuria for iron and coal this led to Japan's withdrawing from League of Nations

What were the reasons for the Great Depression?

* Flawed US economy- uneven distribution of wealth, overproduction of businesses and agriculture, many Americans were buying less
* Stock market crashed
* People could not pay the money they owed in margin prices, unemployment rates rose as industrial production, prices, and wages declined

How did the countries respond to the Great Depression?

Worried American Bankers demanded repayment of their oversea loans, American investors withdrew their money from Europe, the American market for European Goods dropped sharply

What were the weaknesses of Weimar Republic in Germany?

1. Germany lacked a strong democratic tradition
2. Post for Germany had several major political parties in many minor ones
3. Millions of German’s blames the Weimar Republic, not their wartime leaders, for the countries to feed and post where humiliation caused by Versailles treaty

Define the differences between fascism and communism?

Communism: **seeks a classless Society**, seeks to eliminate religion, no private ownership of land or property, seeks International Revolution, has a socialist economy, **one party dictatorship**

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Fascism: where's a uniform of black, condemn socialism and supports private property, has a special salute, views woman as inferior despite its public rhetoric, defends private property, each class in society has a place and function, the state must struggle to survive even if it means war, does not follow a predefined ideology, appeals to middle-class and industrialists, uses ancient myth of racial superiority incorporated into society

similarities between communism and fascism

no individual rights, glorifies the military and war, has a secret police, attempts to control religion, its ideology is most important or paramount, total control of the press, ultra-nationalism: country and/or race, authoritarian leaders knows all and is "worshipped", no unions or strikes, use of propaganda to control the thoughts and actions of society, use of youth groups, use of mass rallies and parades to foster support

Name the acts of aggression by Axis Powers before World War II

Fascist Italy (Mussolini) invaded Ethiopia

Japan invaded China

Germany invaded Rhineland

What were the causes of Spanish Civil War? What were the results?

Causes: had been a monarchy until 1931, when a republic was declared

The government, run by liberals and socialists, held office amid many crises

Why did Great Britain use appeasement in dealing with Hitler?

Because their ally France were unwilling to risk war with Germany after German troops were put into Rhineland

Nazi-Soviet pact

Another name for Stalin's and Hitler's 10-year non-aggression pact; to divide Poland into two to give Stalin land

Axis powers

In World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936.

Roosevelt

Addressed Congress the day after news came in that Pearl Harbor was bombed. “A date that will live in infamy”

Eisenhower

General that led the force into Morocco and Algeria, was the commander of the D-Day invasion, accepted unconditional surrender of the Third Reich from the German military

Blitzkrieg

Lightning War; a form of warfare in which surprise attacks with fast moving airplanes are followed with massive attacks with infantry forces

Hiroshima

Where the US dropped the first atomic bomb in Japan to end the war with Japan

Battle Britain

A series of battles between German and British Air Forces, fought over Britain in 1940-1941

Lend Lease Act

The president could lend or release arms and other supposed to any other country vital to the United States

President Truman

Made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan leading the country to Victory against the Japanese

Nuremberg Laws

Anti-semitic laws that made Jews “different” from non-jews

Nuremberg trials

A series of Court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of War, and crimes against humanity

Battle of Stalingrad

A battle of World War I, in which German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture the city of Stalingrad in the Soviet Union

Name the four turning points of the war

* Battle of Midway
* Defeat at Stalingrad
* Defeat at Dunkirk
* El-Alamein

How large was Hitler's Empire?

68 million people; whole western Europe

What were the policies of the Nazis and their conquered territory?

People could not act against the Nazi Party, children had to join Hitler Youth, censoring of books, churches could not say anything against Nazi.

Name the Allied powers

Great Britain, US, China, and the Soviet Union

What were the causes and results of World War II?

* Causes: Germany invaded Poland, Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway, and the Soviet Union surrendered to Finland
* Results: Europe and Japan were in ruins

Did the US use the atomic bomb on Japan?

They felt it was the most effective way to end the war; kamikazes were sinking Allied ships

How and why did the US get involved in World War II?

Japan bombed Pearl Harbor

Name new weapons that were used in World War II

Atomic bomb and airplanes

Cold War

The state of diplomatic hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union in the decades following World War II

Berlin Airlift

British and American officials flew food and supplies into West Berlin; putting an end to the Soviet Union blockade

Truman Doctrine

Truman's support for other countries that rejected communism

Marshall Plan

Money given to other countries in Western Europe to provide food, Machinery, and other materials to rebuild the countries

Containment

A policy directed at blocking Soviet influence and stopping the expansion of communism

Khrushchev

Became the dominant Soviet leader after Stalin died who started a policy of destalination; began building missile sites in Cuba which led to the Cuban Missile Crisis

Destalinization

Purging the country of Stalin's memory

Sputnik

First satellite into space; sent by Russia

U-2 incident

Planes used by spies in high altitude spy flights over Soviet territory; one of them was shot down and captured and then they were exchanged on the bridge of spies

Cuban Missile Crisis

Soviet Union put missiles on Cuba that were in close range of the US; US and Soviet Union were on the brink of missile War; Soviet Union agreed to withdraw their missiles as long as the US withdrew their missiles from Turkey

Brezhnev

Khrushchev’s replacement who quickly adopted repressive domestic policies