Covalent bonding, periodic trends, structures & VSEPR

electronegativity

an atom's tendency to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond

atomic radius

measure of an atom's size, generally the distance from its nucleus to the outermost electron shell

ionization energy

the minimum energy needed to remove the outermost electron from a neutral atom or ion

Describe electron motion in covalent bonds.

exist in molecular orbitals, which are regions of high probability spread across both atoms, pulled by both positive nuclei, creating attraction.

Identify properties of covalent bonds.

forms with two nonmetals low melting/boiling points. if they are too close they repulse if they are too far they don’t attract, not conductive

diatomic molecules

same atoms bonded together

coulombic attraction

attraction between oppositely charged particles