IGCSE Chemistry facts list UF

Mass of a proton

Mass of a proton

1

Mass of a neutron

1

Mass of an electron

1/1840

charge of a proton

+ 1

charge of an electron

-1

charge of a neutron

0

state symbol for something dissolved in water

aq

What is a covalent bond?

The electrostatic attraction between 2 nuclei and a shared pair of electrons between them.

Why types of elements do covalent bonds form between?

2 non-metals

What is an ionic bond?

The electrostatic attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions.

What types of elements do ionic bonds form between?

a metal and a non-metal.

Ammonia

NH3

Nitrate ion

NO3-

Carbonate ion

CO32-

Ammonium ion

NH4-

Zinc ion

Zn2-

Silver ion

Ag+

Hydroxide ion

OH-

Sulfate ion

SO42-

What percentage of air is nitrogen?

78%

What percentage of air is oxygen?

21%

What percentage of air is argon?

0.9%

What percentage of air is carbon dioxide?

0.04%

Which 2 main gasses dissolve in rain to form acid rain?

Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulphur Dioxide

What acid is formed when Sulphur dioxide dissolves in rain?

Sulphurous acid

What is SEEN when sulphur burns?

• Blue flames

• Sulphur Dioxide gas

What is SEEN when magnesium burns?

White flame and white magnesium oxide powder

What is seen when copper carbonate decomposes?

Green powder (CuCO3) form black powder (CuO)

Test for carbon dioxide

• Bubble Carbon dioxide through limewater

• White precipitate will form

Test for water

• Add anhydrous copper sulfate to water

• Turns from white to blue

Test for pure water

boils at exactly 100 degrees Celsius

Colour of litmus ACID

Red

Colour of litmus ALKALINE

Blue

Colour of phenolphthalein ACID

Colourless

Colour of phenolphthalein ALKLAINE

Pink

Colour of methyl orange ACID

red

Colour of methyl orange ALKALINE

yellow

Solubility rule for group 1 compounds and ammonium salts

all soluble

solubility rule for nitrates

all soluble

Solubility rule for chlorides

all soluble EXCEPT silver chloride and lead chloride.

solubility rules for sulphates

all soluble EXCEPT barium sulphate, lead sulphate, and calcium sulphate.

Solubility rule for hydroxides

All insoluble EXCEPT group 1, ammonium and calcium

Test for iron (III) ions

• Add sodium hydroxide

• Orange/brown precipitate

test for sulphate ions

• add dilute hydrochloric acid then barium chloride.

• white precipitate

test for hydrogen gas

• add lit splint to mouth of a test tube containing hydrogen gas.

• squeaky pop

test for calcium ions

• flame test

• brick red flame

test for bromide ions

• add dilute nitric acid then silver nitrate

• cream/off white precipitate

test for lithium ions

• flames test

• red flame

test for ammonia

• add damp red litmus paper

• turns blue

test for sodium ions

• flame test

• orange flame

test for iodide ions

• add dilute nitric acid then silver nitrate

• yellow precipitate

test for carbonate ions

• add nitric acid and bubble gas given off through limewater

• white precipitate

test for ammonium ions

• add sodium hydroxide

• test gas given off with damp red litmus paper

• litmus paper turns blue

test for chloride ions

• add dilute nitric acid then silver nitrate.

• white precipitate

test for oxygen gas

• add glowing splint to mouth of test tube containing oxygen.

• glowing splint will re-light

test for chlorine gas

• damp blue litmus paper.

• turns red then bleaches.

test for iron (II) ions

• add sodium hydroxide

• green precipitate

test for copper (II) ions

• add sodium hydroxide

• blue precipitate

2nd test for copper (II) ions

• flame test

• blue-green flame

test for potassium ions

• flame test

• lilac flame