Chapter 5 - Integumentary System

FA Davis

androgen

generic term for an agent that stimulates the development of male characteristics

ductule

very small duct

synthesize

forming a complex substance by the union of simpler compounds of elements

epidermis

the outermost layer of skin, providing protection and helping to regulate moisture.

Strata

the layers of the epidermis

stratum corneum

• Top layer of the epidermis

• composed of dead, flat cells that lack a blood supply and sensory receptors

Basal layer

• second layer of the epidermis

• composed of living cells that continuously divide and push older cells upward

melanocytes

produce melanin

albino

A condition characterized by a lack of melanin production, resulting in pale skin, hair, and eyes.

dermis

• second layer of the skin

• composed of lymphatic vessels, living tissue, nerve endings and capillaries

• Had hair and glands

hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

• deepest layer of the skin

• composed of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and blood vessels

sudoriferous gland

sweat gland (exocrine) that helps regulate body temperature and excrete waste.

sebaceous gland

oil gland (exocrine) that secretes sebum to lubricate and protect the skin and hair.

hair shaft

visible part of the hair

hair follicle

hair root and its coverings

papilla

loop of capillaries located at the bottom of a hair shaft

adip/o

fat

lip/o

fat

steat/o

fat

cutane/o

skin

dermat/o

skin

derm/o

skin

hidr/o

sweat

sudor/o

sweat

ichthy/o

dry. scaly

kerat/o

horny tissue; hard

melan/o

black

myc/o

fungus

onych/o

nail

ungu/o

nail

pil/o

hair

trich/o

hair

scler/o

hardening

seb/o

sebum, sebaceous

squam/o

scale

xen/o

foreign, strange

xer/o

dry

lesion

Area of tissue that has been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection.

Localized lesion

tissue affected of a definite (small) size

systemic lesion

tissue that has been affect by a widespread throughout the body

primary skin lesion

initial reaction to pathologically altered tissue and may be flat or elevated.

secondary skin lesion

changes that take place in the primary lesion as a result of infection, scratching, trauma or various stages of a disease

first degree burn

only injures the epidermis

thermal burn

burn caused by contact with dry or moist heat

sunburn

burn caused by the sun

chemical burn

burn caused by exposure to chemicals

erythema

skin redness caused by swelling of the capillaries

hyperesthesia

acute sensitivity to sensory stimuli like touch, heat or cold

second degree burn

burns that damage the epidermis and parts of the dermis. Blisters form.

Vesicle

fluid filled blister

bullae

large fluid filled blister

third degree burn

epidermis and dermis are destroyed, some of the hypodermis is affected. Skin is waxy and charred with insensitivity to touch. Bones, muscles and tendons under the skin may be affected.

neoplasms

abnormal growths of new tissue that are classified as benign or malignant

benign neoplasms

noncancerous growths composed of the same type of cells as the tissue in which they are growing

malignant neoplasms

cancerous growths composed of cells that tend to become invasive and spread

metastasis

the spreading of cancer from the original tumor to other parts of the body

Immunotherapy

stimulates the bodies own immune defenses to fight tumor cells

anaplasia

cells lose their specialized characteristics and revert to a primitive state and are incapable of carrying on normal function of tissue

basal cell carcinoma

Malignancy of the the basal layer of the epidermis or hair follicles. Metastasis is rare.

squamous cell carcinoma

Skin that undergoes pathological keratinizing of epidermal cells. Invasive tumor with potential for metastasis.

in situ

confined to the original site

invasive

spread to surrounding tissue

Malignant melanoma

Malignant growth of melanocytes. Highly metastatic.

Abcess

localized collection of pus at the site of an infection

Acne

Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles with skin lesions like blackheads, inflammatory papule, pustules, nodules and cysts

Alpoceia

partial or complete loss of hair

Bowen disease

very early form of skin cancer, easily curable and characterized by a read, scaly patch on the skin

Cellulitis

Diffuse, acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

chloasma

pigmentary skin discoloration usually occurring in yellowish-brown patches or spots

comedo

Small skin lesion of acne caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin

Decubitus ulcer

Inflammation, sore or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blood flow to the tissue

ecchymosis

skin discoloration consisting of a large, irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from bluish black to greenish brown or yellow (bruise)

eczema

chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by erythema, papule, vesicles , pustules, scales, crusts and scabs. Accompanied by intense scratching

pruritus

intense itching

eschar

dead matter that is sloughed off from the surface of the skin, especially after a burn

impetigo

bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture

keratosis

thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (callus or wart)

lentigo

small brown macule, brought on by sun exposure, usually in middle aged or older persons

pallor

unnatural paleness or absences of color in the skin

pediculosis

infestation with lice

petechia

minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin

psoriasis

chronic skin condition characterized by itchy red patches covered by thick, dry, slivery scales and caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis

purpura

any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses of petechiae

scabies

contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly though sexual contact

tinea

fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected, also called ringworm

urticaria

allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the eruption of pale red, elevated patches called wheals or hives

verruca

epidermal growth caused by a virus, also known as warts

vitiligo

localized loss of skin pigment characterized by milk-white patches

allergy skin test

any test in which a suspected allergen or sensitizer is applied to or injected into the skin to detriment the patient’s sensitivity to it

intradermal skin test

skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergen and observing the skin for a subsequent response

patch skin test

skin test that identifies allergic contact dermatitis by applying a suspected allergen to a patch, which is then taped on the skin, and observing the area 24 hours later for an allergic response

scratch skin test; puncture test; prick test

skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin

Culture & Sensitivity

Laboratory test to determine the presence of pathogens in patients with suspected wound infections and identify the appropriate drug therapy to which the organs, responds

Frozen section biopsy

ultra thin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination

needle biopsy

removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe

punch biopsy

removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch

shave biopsy

removal of elevated lesions using a surgical blade

Mohs

procedure that involves progressive removal and examination of layers of cancer-containing skin until only cancer-free tissue remains

allograft; homograft

transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person

autograft

transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual