Science Review

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and volume (takes up space).

What is the particle theory of matter?

1) Matter is made up of molecules or atoms. 2) All particles in a pure substance are identical. 3) Particles are always moving. 4) Particles at higher temperatures move faster. 5) Particles attract one another.

What are the three states of matter?

Solid, Liquid, Gas.

How can matter be categorized?

Into mixtures and pure substances.

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative observations?

Quantitative observations can be measured with numerical values; qualitative observations cannot be measured and are described using senses.

What are the three subatomic particles of an atom?

Protons, Electrons, Neutrons.

What are protons?

Positively charged particles located inside the nucleus of an atom.

What are electrons?

Negatively charged particles located on the shells that orbit the nucleus.

What are neutrons?

Particles with no charge, located inside the nucleus.

How do you find an element's atomic number?

It is found just above its symbol on the periodic table.

How do you find the number of protons in an element?

Look at the atomic number.

How do you determine the number of neutrons in an element?

Atomic mass - number of protons.

What does a valence electron indicate?

Electrons on the outer shell, represented by the group number on the periodic table.

What is the difference between physical and chemical properties?

Physical properties can be observed without changing the substance; chemical properties describe how a substance reacts and changes.

What is a physical change?

A change that does not alter the chemical composition of a substance.

What is a chemical change?

A change that produces one or more new substances with different properties.

What is the difference between ionic and molecular bonds?

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, typically between metals and non-metals; molecular bonds involve sharing electrons, typically between non-metals.

What are alkali metals?

Elements found in group 1 that are very reactive and not found freely in nature.

What are noble gases?

Elements found in group 18 that are very stable and rarely react with other elements.

What is the carrying capacity?

The maximum population size of a particular species that an ecosystem can sustain.

What is bioaccumulation?

The buildup of pesticides or chemicals in an organism's body over time.

What is the Big Bang Theory?

The theory that the universe began from an extremely hot and dense singularity and expanded.

What are the four types of galaxies?

Spiral, Irregular, Elliptical, and Lenticular.

What are the main properties of stars?

Mass, Luminosity, Brightness, and Temperature.

What is the core of the sun?

The hottest part of the sun where nuclear fusion occurs at approximately 15 million degrees Celsius.

What is latitude?

The angular distance north or south of the equator.

What is altitude?

The angular height of a celestial object measured from the horizon.

What is the difference between static electricity and current electricity?

Static electricity is the build-up of electric charge on the surface of objects; current electricity is the flow of electric charge through a conductor.

What is a circuit?

A closed loop through which electrical current can flow.

What is grounding?

The process of removing a charge by transferring electrons between an object and a large neutral object.

What is the difference between a conductor and an insulator?

A conductor allows electrons to move freely, while an insulator restricts the movement of electrons.