J 201 Midterm

media

mass communication regarded collectively

medium

point between any two things

media

mass communication regarded collectively

medium

point between any two things

society

something that holds us together; groups/communities despite the size

why we look at media and society

• observe how it shapes our lives
• respond to culture
• reflect on our role as media producers and consumers
• demand social justice
• form relationships
• collecting parts of history

ideology

a set of ideas (often unconscious) that consists of a particular worldview

dominant ideology

broader set of values that we learn to see as shared and universal

hegemony

the dominance or leadership of one social group or nation over others through dominant ideologies

the banking method

Freire (1968) introduced the 'banking' concept of education whereby he equated teachers with bank clerks and saw them as 'depositing' information into students rather than drawing out knowledge from individual students or creating inquisitive beings with a thirst for knowledge.

interpellation

the constitutive process where individuals acknowledge and respond to ideologies, thereby recognizing themselves as subjects

incorporation

criticism and resistance are acknowledged, but nothing fundamentally changes

hypodermic needle/magic bullet

the period of time we receive/consume media (shannon-weaver's model of communication)

technology and skeptism

fear surrounding new technology; scholars focused on the role of media to persuade and recruit (aka propaganda)

payne fund studies

a series of studies conducted to determine the effects of movies on the behavior of children and adolescents

• the sleeper effect: seeing something but don't process it until later and forget where it came from
• children are susceptible to content and can get obsess with it
• love, sex, and crime were the main categories that appealed to audience (still are)

parasocial relationships

a relationship that a person imagines having with someone they see from the media (eg movie character)

uses and gratification theory

media consumers are passive consumers of mass communications; rather, they play an active role in media consumption

uncertainty reduction theory

there is uncertainty with new things/people and it hades over time with interactions. a good first impression can reduce uncertainty faster

encoding/decoding

a communication model that offers a theoretical approach to how messages in media, particularly mass media, are produced, disseminated, and understood

dominant reading

reader accepts and reproduces the intended (encoded) meaning

negotiated reading

reader broadly accepts message of the text but adjusts certain aspects to reflect their own position and experience

oppositional reading

reader understands dominant message and rejects it

stereotyping

reducing people to a few, simple, essential characteristics that are represented as fixed by nature; oversimplifying

representation

the social process of making and exchanging meaning

semiotics

studies how meaning is created; uses parts to understand more about the whole (signified + signifier -> sign)

connotative vs denotative

connotative is the flexible relationships between the signified and signifier while denotative is the literal relationship between the signified and signifier

difference and othering

difference is meaning-making. othering can rely on binaries and power, where one side is preferred; othering is also when everyone else is considered the "other" while one dominant group is perceived as "normal"

naturalization

presenting difference (amongst people and groups) as rooted in nature

marshall mcluhan - medium is the message

for the “message” of any medium or technology is the change of scale or pace or pattern that it introduces into human affairs

global village

The world viewed as a community in which distance and isolation have dramatically reduced by electronic media

trans-coding

taking an existing meaning and re-appropriating it to create new meanings

reverse stereotypes

revalue negative stereotypes and reverse expectations

positive images

substuting positive images for negative ones

critique from within

Make stereotypes work against themselves

mediatization

the process by which media becomes more a part of how social, political and cultural processes operate

moral panics

amplified fears (eg. AI, abortion rights)

celebratory media events

monopolistic, replanned; contests, conquests, and coronations; aims for reconciliation, national collectivism (eg. olympics, red carpet events)

conflicted media events

sites of antagonism (eg. andrew tate, johnny vs amber court)

media disaster

unexpected events (eg. 9/11, school shootings)

media scandals

a breach in moral conduct and authority; often notable people but regs with particularly notable acts too (eg. adam levine, kanye west)

mediatized public crisis

unfold over a period of time; social drama; big net, more story than event

spectacle

an event of scene regarded in terms of its visual impact

identity politics

Solidarity, political mobilization around identity; conflicts around different identity groups

identity groups

gender, disability, sexuality, nationality, race, ethnicity, social class

intersectionality

how different identities interact with each other when someone identifies with multiple minority communities; interlocking systems of oppression

structural intersectionality

how the experiences of people within a particular identity category are qualitatively different from each other depending on their other intersecting identities; privilege of certain identities

political intersectionality

how inequalities and their intersections are relevant to policies and political strategies of groups of people who occupy multiple subordinate identities; undermining inequalities faced by certain groups

representational intersectionality

the depiction of individuals and groups in dominant culture and society through media, texts, language, and images; how both the dominant and marginalized groups are represented in society

critical race theory

Core idea is that race is a social construct and that racism is not merey a product of individual bias or prejudice, but also something embedded in legal systems and policies

trans representation

Trans people are never really represented in a neutral way. A lot of them are seen as crazy or unreal rather than human. Media identifies them as sex workers

Symbolic Annihilation

proposed as a concept by Gerbner and Gross (1976) to describe the absence of representation, or underrepresentation, of a group of people in the media

Disidentification

Involves looking for specific aspects of a character and extracting that in order to see yourself reflect in the media. Often used by marginalized populations because they are rarely present. Allows people to find “identities in difference”

The first wave Feminism (1848-1920)

Focused on the right to vote, so it had an end date. Margaret Sanger start birth control clinic in 1917 become basis of Planned Parenthood

Second wave feminism (1963-1990s)

Right to birth control for married and unmarried women.1973 Roe V. Wade - safe abortion access. Education equality under Title IX in 1973. Women strove to get bank accounts and credit cards under their own names.

Third wave feminism (mid 1990s-)

An embrace of girliness, saying its a power. Recognizing dangers and pleasure of patriarchy. Lacks the type of policy chang of the prior waves.

cultural studies

Theories and practices from a range of humanities and social science disciplines. Investigate the ways in which culture produce and are produced

Medicalization

which medical authority annexes bodies, actions, attitudes, and behaviors ranging from the everyday to the “deviant” as medical conditions

Pathologization

negagtive medicalization, making it into a problem

Deficit model

persons with disabilities are viewed as having a problem that needs “fixing” through medicine, rehabilitation, or education

Supercrip

a disabled person, particularly an athlete, who achieves exceptional success in spite of the challenges they face, serving as an inspiration