Animal Nutrition Exam 1 Study Guide

Nutrition

Numerous chemical reactions and physiological processes which transform food into body tissues and activities

Nutrient

1. Chemicals in the diet

   1. element or compound (simple as. copper)

2. Supports normal

   1. reproduction

   2. growth

   3. lactation

Essential Nutrient

Cannot be made

• not in sufficient amount

needed in diet

Nonessential Nutrient

• vitamin C essential in dogs and cats but not in all an animals

can be made

not needed in diet

Fistulation

Carnivores

Herbivores

Pre-gastric fermentors

Hindgut Fermentors

Omnivores

Crop

Proventriculus

Ventriculus

Papillae

Digestion

Prehension

Mastication

Deglutition

Absorption

Villi

Microvilli

Passive Diffution

Facilitated Diffusion

Active Transport

Phagocytosis

Metabolism

Catabolism

Anabolism

Gastrin

GIP

CCK

Secretin

Somatostain

Pancreatic Polypeptide

VIP

Ghrelin

Leptin

Esophageal groove

Regurgitation

Activation Energy

Catalyst

Zymogen

Cofactors

Coenzymes

Inhibitors

Allosteric Modifers

Importance of Nutrition

Involves:

1. Ingestion, digestion, and absorption of nutrients

2. Transport of nutrients to body cells

3. Removal of waste

Important of Nutrition to Producers

• nutrition is involved in every aspect of life

• nutrition costs over ½ of all costs on an animal

  Relationship between chemical composition of plants and animals

Essential vs. Nonessential Nutrients

Classes of nutrients

1. Water

   1. most limiting

   2. the most essential nutrient of all

   3. animals can learn to starve

2. Carbohydrates

   1. NRG

3. Fats

   1. NRG

4. Proteins

   1. can provide some NRG

   2. relatively expensive

5. Minerals

   1. not going to provide NRG

6. Vitamins

   1. not going to provide NRG

Functions of Nutrients

1. Water

2. Carbohydrates

3. Fats

4. Proteins

5. Minerals

6. Vitamins

Anatomical differences b/w species (compare and contrast)

Importance of structures within the ruminant stomach

Regions of the gastric stomach (importance of each)

4 methods of digestion

1. Mechanical

   1. Physical breakdown of food

2. Chemical

   1. Chemical breakdown of food

3. Enzymatic

   1. Catalyze the breakdown of food

4. Microbial

   1. Microorganisms breakdown food

Steps of digestion

Regulation of digestion (hormones, etc.)

Saliva (where from, composition, functions)

stomach (functions, regions, secretions)

Parts of the small intestine

Microanatomy of the intestine (importance of each)

How to increase. surface area for absorption

Describe the 4 types of absorption

Describe the 3 processes involved in metabolism

compare/contrast young and adult ruminants

Describe ruminant stomach and its function

Describe microbes found int he rumen and relationship with the animal

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of pre-gastric fermentation

Differences between young and adult ruminants

Different compartments of the ruminant stomach and their functions

Microbes found in the rumen and the symbiotic relationship they have with the animal

Advantages and disadvantages of fermentation

Differences/similarities between post gastric fermentation of a horse vs. a cow.

Water’s importance compared to other nutrients

Functions of water in the body

Influences of water requirements

Source of Water

Water loss and regulation

Functions of enzymes and coenzymes

Enzyme specificity for substrates

Factors that affect enzyme activity