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Conventional Current
The flow of positive charge through a wire, pointing from the positive side of the potential difference to the negative side.
Ohm’s Law
The relationship between potential difference (voltage), current, and resistance, typically expressed as V = IR.
Resistance
The opposition to the flow of electric current, defined as the potential difference needed to drive one unit of current.
Resistivity
A property of a material that quantifies how strongly it resists the flow of electricity, often denoted by the symbol ρ.
Drift Speed
The average speed that a charge carrier, such as an electron, attains due to an electric field.
Effective Resistance
The total resistance of a circuit or combination of resistors that determines the current flow.
Current
The amount of charge that passes a given point for each unit of time, measured in amperes (A).
Ampere (A)
The base unit of electric current, defined as one coulomb of charge passing through a point in one second.
Potential Difference (Voltage)
The difference in electric potential between two points in a circuit, which drives the flow of current.
Power Dissipation
The conversion of electrical energy into heat through a resistor or other circuit element.
Joule’s Law
Describes the rate of conversion of electrical energy to heat, which can be expressed as P = I^2R.
Coulomb (C)
The derived unit of electric charge, equivalent to the charge transported by a constant current of one ampere in one second.
Capacitance
The ability of a system to store an electric charge, typically measured in farads (F).
Series Circuit
A circuit where components are connected end-to-end, providing a single path for current to flow.
Parallel Circuit
A circuit where components are connected across common points, providing multiple paths for current to flow.
Internal Resistance
The resistance within a battery or power source that decreases the terminal voltage when current flows.
EMF (Electromotive Force)
The maximum potential difference of a battery when no current is flowing, representing the energy per unit charge.
Voltmeter
An instrument used to measure the voltage across two points in a circuit, typically connected in parallel.
Ammeter
An instrument used to measure the current flowing through a circuit, typically connected in series.
Kirchhoff's Junction Rule
The principle that the total current entering a junction must equal the total current leaving that junction.
Kirchhoff's Loop Rule
The principle that the total voltage around a closed loop in a circuit must equal zero.
Total Voltage
The cumulative voltage across a circuit, especially in a closed loop, which must equal the sum of the voltage drops.
